Private tutoring, also known as shadow education (SE), is significant in the view of Indonesian society. It attains public reliance on children’s success at school. Although SE seems to be promising to elevate students’ achievements in school, this still needs to be proven. With the development of 21st-century skills, can SE make itself worthy of being a part of proper supplementary education? This research aims to reveal how relevant SE is to develop students’ 21st-century skills, especially critical thinking (CT) skills. This study involved 193 students from 3 different ranks of schools in Surakarta, Indonesia. This mixed methods explanatory research used a computerized testlet instrument to obtain quantitative data about students’ CT skills in Chemistry. Open-ended questionnaires and open-ended interviews were used to obtain qualitative data about students’ tendencies in their SE. Interviews were also performed to hear SE tutors’ voices about the SE field in which they worked. The quantitative data were analyzed using Rasch modeling to reveal the interaction between the items and students’ CT skills. The modeling results showed that SE still seems less significant in responding to the community’s wishes about their children’s success at school, especially as related to CT skills. However, the results also showed that SE can aid those with moderate cognitive ability. Furthermore, the qualitative results are worth considering by those who will take or build SE in future. Thus, SE can be a proper supplement for formal education.
Heavy metal pollutants contained in wastewater can cause health problems for living things around. Minor to fatal health problems can occur due to heavy metal poisoning, mainly caused by Pb(II) metal.. This study aimed to determine the optimum mass combination of rice husk and zeolite to adsorb Pb(II) metal ions in simulated wastewater, and to determine the sensitivity of the analysis method. This study used Solid Phase Spectrophotometry (SPS) to determine the decrease in Pb(II) metal ion levels after being adsorbed by activated carbon from rice husks and zeolites. This study used an experimental method with simulated wastewater samples containing Pb(II) at several concentrations. Pb(II) adsorption processes by rice husk and natural zeolite used various adsorbents' mass ratios. The adsorbents were characterized by using Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectrophotometry. Pb(II) analysis during adsorption processes used a single beam UV-visible Spectrophotometer for Solid-Phase Spectrophotometry. This study indicates that the combination of adsorbent from rice husk and natural zeolite can properly adsorb Pb(II) ions with an adsorption capacity of 0.75 μg g-1 and 0.025 μg L-1 for the LoD of the instrument.
Heavy metal pollutants contained in wastewater can cause health problems for living things around. Minor to fatal health problems can occur due to heavy metal poisoning, mainly caused by Pb(II) metal.. This study aimed to determine the optimum mass combination of rice husk and zeolite to adsorb Pb(II) metal ions in simulated wastewater, and to determine the sensitivity of the analysis method. This study used Solid Phase Spectrophotometry (SPS) to determine the decrease in Pb(II) metal ion levels after being adsorbed by activated carbon from rice husks and zeolites. This study used an experimental method with simulated wastewater samples containing Pb(II) at several concentrations. Pb(II) adsorption processes by rice husk and natural zeolite used various adsorbents' mass ratios. The adsorbents were characterized by using Fourier-Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) Spectrophotometry. Pb(II) analysis during adsorption processes used a single beam UV-visible Spectrophotometer for Solid-Phase Spectrophotometry. This study indicates that the combination of adsorbent from rice husk and natural zeolite can properly adsorb Pb(II) ions with an adsorption capacity of 0.75 μg g-1 and 0.025 μg L-1 for the LoD of the instrument.
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