The most important activity of erythropoietin (EPO) is the regulation of erythrocyte production by activation of the erythropoietin receptor (EPO-R), which triggers the activation of anti-apoptotic and proliferative responses of erythroid progenitor cells. Additionally, to erythropoietic EPO activity, an antiapoptotic effect has been described in a wide spectrum of tissues. EPO low levels are found in the central nervous system (CNS), while EPO-R is expressed in most CNS cell types. In spite of EPO-R high levels expressed during the hypoxicischemic brain, insufficient production of endogenous cerebral EPO could be the cause of determined circuit alterations that lead to the loss of specific neuronal populations. In the heart, high EPO-R expression in cardiac progenitor cells appears to contribute to myocardial regeneration under EPO stimulation. Several lines of evidence have linked EPO to an antiapoptotic role in CNS and in heart tissue. In this review, an antiapoptotic role of EPO/EPO-R system in both brain and heart under hypoxic conditions, such as epilepsy and sudden death (SUDEP) has been resumed. Additionally, their protective effects could be a new field of research and a novel therapeutic strategy for the early treatment of these conditions and avoid SUDEP.

Dietary calcium intake is low in many countries, particularly in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). Water is often overlooked as a source of dietary calcium despite it being universally consumed and providing good calcium bioavailability. Our objective was to assess water distribution systems in LMICs and to develop a formula to simulate the contribution of different water sources to calcium availability. We calculated the contribution of drinking water considering different calcium concentration levels to estimate total calcium availability. We consider a country's households' access to drinking water sources and the distribution of the country's population by age and gender.Calcium availability could be increased by an average of 49 mg of calcium per person per day in the 62 countries assessed if calcium in drinking water was considered. In 22 (31%) of the countries studied, 80% of households are supplied by water sources that could increase calcium availability. Improving calcium concentration in water could be considered as a strategy in LMICs to slightly improve calcium availability.

After 28 days of treatment, the animals were anesthetized with urethane (1 g/kg ip). A tracheotomy was performed using polyethylene AbstractThe aim of the present work was to examine the effect of thyroid state on rat heart mitochondria function during hypovolemia. Sprague-Dawley rats treated with T 3 (hyper, 20 μg/100 g body weight) or 0.02% methimazole (hypo, w/v) for 28 days. Hypovolemia was induced by acute hemorrhage. O2 uptake, complex I activity and mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase (mtNOS) protein levels were determined in heart mitochondria. The malate-glutamate-supported state 3 respiration decreased and increased in hypo and hyperthyroid rats, while state 4 respirations did not change. Complex I activity and mtNOS protein levels were decreased in hypothyroid rats even in acute hypovolemia. Hyperthyroidism did not change these parameters. In summary, this study showed, for the first time, interesting findings that heart mitochondrial function is altered during thyroid disorder and acute hypovolemia. Heart mitochondrial nitric oxide, modulating oxygen uptake, may be involved in the adaptative response to assure the cardiomyocytes survives in this experimental condition. Citation: Ogonowski N, Valdez LB, Zaobornyj T, et al. Thyroid hormones and heart mitochondrial nitric oxide under hypovolemia.

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