Marriage is a sacred, religious, and has long-term purposes activity. Marriage is assumed as making a legal relationship between a couple within opposite sex. Rather than being a simple activity, marriage is a complex activity which has various aims that are teaching and taking care children, working together with the couple, and other happiness purposes. However, this picture of marriage seems missing in the work of Eka Kurniawan in the book of Perempuan Patah Hati yang Kembali Menemukan Cinta Melalui Mimpi. Through this book, the readers can see the opposite condition of marriage compared to marriage’s stereotypes within the society. It also shows there are gender inequality practices throughout the story. Using Critical Feminism theory and descriptive-qualitative method, this research purpose is to analyze three short stories by Eka Kurniawan entitle (1) Gincu ini Merah, Sayang, (2) Cerita Batu, and (3) Pelajaran Memeliharan Burung Beo, to find how gender inequality depicted and the portrait of marriage which in the short stories. These three short stories show similar problem in a marriage which resulted in divorce. Through the process, this study found two main portraits of marriage in the works of Eka Kurniawan, that are (1) in marriage there are gender inequality practices which makes women suffer in various areas. (2) The relationship between male and female characters shows an unhealthy relationship in which women always suffers. Both result shows that marriage is not always about happiness, but its face has been changed due to unhealthy relationship. In all unhealthy marriage, woman always captures as the victims which legitimizing woman position as a submissive in a relationship even in the modern society.
This study aims to explain the forms of power experienced by peripheral characters in the Pasung Jiwa novel by Okky Madasari. In addition, this study also explains the strategies carried out by these three peripheral characters to fight systemic power in the midst of society. In terms of analyzing existing problems, this research uses the theory of Hegemony from Antonio Gramsci through descriptive qualitative methods using the sociology of literary works, namely using forms of power that have been developed on the three characters in the story. The results showed the difference between humans in getting freedom in the period before and after the reform. This novel shows the existence of hegemony that occurs in several peripheral characters in the story, namely Sasana, Cak Jek, and Elis. In the process of searching for identity, the three of them found what was done by the family, even in religious organizations. These forms of hegemony also dominate their bodies and minds. Sasana, Cak Jek, and Elis are aware that its domination does not only occur in themselves, but also in the whole society. Therefore, these three characters choose to fight the hegemony that experienced in themselves with the struggle to make themselves free from the systemic power, both from the confinement family, the norms that exist in society, work, and also the doctrines of religion that have already dominated Sasana, Cak Jek, and Elis.
Ayu Utami is a female writer who raises the lives of Indonesian women in her work. Critics who dissect Utami's works find that her work is related to women's politics, sexuality, and gender equality. Based on the research conducted, no one has ever mentioned the way women build their identity. Identity is important for women to determine their lives. Therefore, this study aims to examine the identities of the three female characters in the novel Larung by Ayu Utami. This research uses the descriptive qualitative method, which discusses the process of change and determines the identity of several female figures. The results showed changes in the identity of women, namely Yasmin, Cok, and Shakuntala. At first, they were increasingly interested in childhood. However, as they grow older, they think changes, becoming more critical of education and sexual relations. In addition, there are differences in identity shown by those three female figures in which they fight for their identity in the midst of patriarchal society according to their choice. Findings that prove there has been a change in the post-New Order era about women's identities. Women began to critically question their position in the community. Women also began to have the awareness to struggle and be free in determining their lives, both in education, work, and household. AbstrakAyu Utami merupakan pengarang yang seringkali mengangkat kehidupan para perempuan Indonesia dalam karyanya. Para kritikus yang membedah karya-karya Utami menemukan bahwa karyanya berhubungan dengan politik tubuh perempuan, seksualitas, dan kesetaraan gender. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, belum pernah ada yang menyinggung cara perempuan membangun identitas mereka. Identitas merupakan hal penting bagi seorang perempuan dalam menentukan kehidupannya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji identitas tiga tokoh perempuan dalam novel Larung karya Ayu Utami. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskritif, yaitu menelusuri proses perubahan dan perbedaan identitas pada ketiga tokoh perempuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya perubahan identitas perempuan, yakni Yasmin, Cok, dan Shakuntala. Pada awalnya mereka mengalami ketertindasan di masa kanak-kanak. Akan tetapi, saat beranjak dewasa, pemikiran mereka berubah, yakni menjadi lebih kritis terhadap pendidikan dan hubungan seksual. Selain itu, ada perbedaan identitas yang ditunjukan oleh tiga tokoh perempuan. Mereka berani mengidentifikasi identitas mereka di tengah masyarakat patriarki sesuai dengan pilihan mereka. Temuan yang ada membuktikan bahwa telah terjadi pergeseran di masa pasca Orde Baru mengenai identitas perempuan. Perempuan mulai kritis mempertanyakan kedudukannya di tengah masyarakat. Perempuan juga mulai memiliki kesadaran untuk berani dan bebas dalam menentukan kehidupannya, baik dalam pendidikan, pekerjaan, dan rumah tangga.
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