ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of dental anxiety and/or fear among patients in an emergency dental service.

adding action observation training to conventional inpatient physiotherapy is associated with a greater degree of recovery in patients who have undergone a primary total knee replacement.

The acidic nature of commercial local anaesthetics (LAs) can cause pain during infiltration and delay the onset of anaesthesia. It is suggested that adjusting the pH of anaesthetic agents could minimize these effects. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of buffered LAs in reducing infiltration pain and onset time during dental procedures. MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and Scielo databases were searched up to April 2017. Randomized controlled trials comparing buffered and unbuffered LAs for intraoral injections were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Data upon injection pain and onset time were pooled in a random-effects model. Subgroup analyses compared normal and inflamed tissues, and terminal infiltrations and inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) blocks. Meta-regressions were performed to explain heterogeneity. Fourteen articles were included in this review. Lidocaine with epinephrine was the most used anaesthetic combination. Nonlidocaine studies (n = 2) were not pooled in the meta-analysis. Buffered lidocaine did not result in less pain during intraoral injections: mean difference -6.4 (95% CI -12.81 to 0.01) units in a 0-100 scale. Alkalinized lidocaine did not reduce the onset time in normal tissues when terminal infiltration techniques were used, but resulted in a more rapid onset for IAN blocks (-1.26 min) and in inflamed tissues (-1.37 min); however, this change may not be clinically relevant, considering the time required to prepare the buffered agent. Studies performed using other anaesthetic salts did not show robust and clinically significant results in favour of alkalinization.

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