Introduction The article presents a historical analysis of the participation of women in Portuguese politics and reveals the positive effects of the introduction of the parity law in 2006. In the 2015 national elections, for the first time one third of the elected the Members of the Portuguese Parliament were women. However, in municipalities there is still a long way to go to reach this level of female political representation. Does the political system limit women’s access only to elected positions? Thus, important questions remain: why are women still a minority in local politics? What obstacles do they encounter? And what can be done to improve the situation? Materials and Methods For this investigation, data were collected on the electronic pages of municipalities and political parties, as well as in the press, to monitor the evolution of the presence of women in Portuguese local government, initially as members of the administrative commissions appointed to manage municipal councils from 1974 to the first elections that took place on December 12, 1976 and then as elected representatives from 1976 to the latest 2017 local elections, comparing this level with central government. Results The study of this group reveals higher educational levels and more specialized jobs among women than among men, particularly in teaching and management. There is also discussion of partisan membership and it is revealed that left-wing parties invest more in women for local government than do right-wing parties. Discussion Although four decades have passed since the democratic regime was established, the representation of women in politics is still incipient. We present some examples of policy actions that can encourage the presence of women in local government and increase their role as active citizens.
Em períodos de crise sanitária grave como os de 1854-1856, 1899 e 1918, especialmente no Porto, onde cólera-morbo, peste bubónica, tifo exantemático, gripe pneumónica e varíola mataram percentagens elevadas da população, as imagens das epidemias na imprensa permitem-nos identificar os conhecimentos científicos num país considerado periférico, mas que dispunha de estudos e pessoal especializado no nível dos mais avançados da época. Uma base de dados de 6.700 notícias, artigos e anúncios revela-nos o conhecimento médico e farmacêutico da segunda metade do século XIX e início do XX, o modo como era transmitido e divulgado ao público e as soluções apresentadas pelas autoridades sanitárias. Um fator foi sempre salientado nas notícias e anúncios: a higiene.
A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Resumo/Abstract: Em crises sanitárias como as de 1854-56, 1899 e 1918, especialmente no Porto, onde a cólera morbus, a peste bubónica, o tifo exantemático, a gripe pneumónica e a varíola atacaram e mataram percentagens elevadas da população, as imagens das epidemias na imprensa permitem-nos conhecer o estado dos conhecimentos científicos num país que dispunha de conhecimentos e pessoal especializado ao nível dos mais avançados da sua época. Uma base de dados de 6.700 notícias, artigos desenvolvidos e anúncios recolhidos na imprensa diária revela-nos o conhecimento médico e farmacêutico da segunda metade do século XIX e início do XX, o modo como era transmitido a um público não especializado e as soluções apresentadas pelos médicos e pelas autoridades sanitárias.In times of sanitary crisis in Oporto, such as the cholera morbus epidemic of 1854-56, the bubonic plague in 1899 and the 1918 exanthematic typhus, pneumonic flu and smallpox epidemics, which killed huge percentages of the population, newspapers are important sources to access how scientific knowledge was divulged in a country with specialized professionals who were at the same level as the ones in the most advanced countries in the world. A database of 6.700 news, medical reports and advertisements reveals the state of the art of medical and pharmaceutical sciences in the second half of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth, the way it was divulged to an unspecialized audience and the solutions presented by doctors and sanitary authorities.
How did scientific knowledge reach the public? Using the press and keeping in mind the population's limited access to written material, this paper establishes how the latest scientific news was divulged to unspecialised audiences. In times of sanitary crisis in Oporto, such as the cholera morbus epidemic of 1854-1856, the bubonic plague in 1899 and the 1918 influenza pandemic, newspapers were important sources to access the information and advice given to the public. A database of 6700 articles, medical reports and advertisements published in daily newspapers reveals the state of the art of medical science. It also reveals the importance given by health authorities and journalists to the publication of recent discoveries and adequate hygiene procedures to prevent the spread of the epidemics. This is a subject that contributes to the debates on the dissemination of science and on the place that Portugal occupied in the international scientific community.
During one of the worst economic crisis Portugal has faced in the last decades, with a considerable debt to deal with, emigration, population loss, ageing and unemployment afflicted our economy and society, particularly in rural territories. The purpose of this article is to access the main local and central government policies to fight depopulation and territorial inequalities, as well as their attempts at sustainable development. What remains in the Portuguese inland regions and how is it being addressed by the few who still believe in life outside the cities? What is the role of local government in the sustainable development of the territory? All over the country, and particularly in rural areas, there is an urgent need to attract people and investment. What are the main issues addressed by the central government to deal with this problem? For this research a database was built with the political programs of the 308 mayors elected in 2013, which were subject to a thorough analysis, as well as the new socialist government recently approved National Programme for Territorial Cohesion, aimed at promoting a more balanced territorial planning. This article describes the demographic situation and compares the municipalities' economic strategies. The results are still to be observed, but these new local and central policies at least reflect a change of paradigm from the social-democrat coalition government (2011-2015) and introduce a discourse of hope for inland regions, even if the political time of each government (four years terms) is never enough to solve such complex issues.
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