Environmental sustainability considerations are often treated as an add-on to building design, following ad hoc processes for their implementation. As a result, the most common problem to achieve a sustainable building outcome is the absence of the right information at the right time to make critical decisions. For design team members to appreciate the requirements of multidisciplinary collaboration, there is a need for transparency and a shared understanding of the process. This research presents the findings from 25 in-depth interviews with industry practitioners concerning 10 case studies of buildings, which achieved high sustainability certification ratings (e.g. BREEAM, Passivhaus, Part L), to identify best practices in sustainable building design (SBD). The results identify the key players' roles and responsibilities, tasks, deliverables and critical decision points for SBD. These components have been coordinated explicitly in a systematic process that utilises Information Communication Technology (ICT), Building Information Modelling (BIM), and Building Performance Analysis (BPA) software to realise the benefits of combining distributed teams' expertise. Keywords - IntroductionSustainable performance of buildings is currently a major concern among AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) professionals due to measures such as building legislations in addition to national and regional targets (Schlueter and Thesseling, 2009). The overall goal is to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, while enhancing human comfort and health. To address this issue, many countries and international organisations have initiated rating systems (e.g. BREEAM, LEED, Passivhaus) to assess sustainable construction (Azhar et al., 2011; Haapio and Viitaniemi, 2008). Currently, these assessment methods are used as frameworks for environmental design by building professionals, although they provide no guidance over the design process. Also, the design of such high performance buildings is a complex, nonlinear, iterative and interactive process that requires effective collaboration between the multidisciplinary 2 teams from the early stages in order to achieve sustainability outcomes (Bouchlaghem et al., 2005;Yang, Zou, and Keating, 2013).Building professionals utilise performance analysis tools extensively in order to predict and quantify aspects of sustainability from early design stages and significantly ameliorate both quality and cost during a building's life cycle (Attia, Beltrán, De Herde, and Hensen, 2009;Crawley, Hand, Kummert, and Griffith, 2008;Smith and Tardif, 2012;Tudor, 2013). As a result, building performance assessment workload becomes heavier at the early design stages compared to traditional project delivery. Additionally, timely contributions of design participants and accuracy of the information delivered are important for SBD to be successful (Brahme, Mahdavi, Lam, and Gupta, 2001). For this reason, the most significant challenge to delivering a successful sustainable building is commun...
Purpose -Building performance analysis is usually performed after the design and construction documents are produced resulting in lost opportunities. The purpose of this research is to develop a BIM-enabled sustainable design process model that identifies critical actions in the design process along with the information and level of detail that facilitate an informed and timely decision. Design/methodology/approach -A number of research methods have been adopted; these include extensive literature review and eleven in-depth interviews with industry practitioners (sustainable building design experts, early BIM adopters). Findings -Project delivery methods have a significant effect on the sustainable outcome of buildings. The development of a structured process can assist sustainable design practice among building professionals. Learning from implemented projects, that have utilised BIM processes, facilitates the scope of creating this process and advises future projects in order to prevent failures. Process mapping is essential to streamline the process, support key project processes and help the design team manage their own responsibilities and deliverables required by them. Originality/value -The identification of the gap and the need for a structured process for sustainable building design for BIM execution is discussed. The synergies that exist between BIM, building performance modelling, BREEAM assessment and the RIBA Plan of Work are shown. The effect that project delivery has on sustainable design outcome has been established. A coordinated collaborative design process model is presented based on the findings from interviewing early adopters.
A common barrier to achieving design intent is the absence of comprehensive information about operational performance during design development. This results in uninformed decision-making which impacts on actual building performance, in particular Whole Life Costs (WLC). It is proposed that Building Information Modelling (BIM) has the potential to facilitate a more comprehensive and accurate design approach from the initial stages if the model can utilize reliable and robust cost and performance data from buildings in use. This paper describes the initial findings of a research project that has investigated the integration of WLC estimation into BIM processes. The study focusses specifically on the rapidly emerging Private Rental Sector (PRS) as the build-to-rent market has repeatable tasks and similar workflow patterns, roles and responsibilities, but impacts of WLC can significantly influence the business model. The study adopted a mixed method approach for the development and validation of a structured standardized process for timely WLC estimation through BIM. The research identified a number of barriers. These included varying definitions of WLC calculation methodologies; the availability and standards of data sources, in particular, the misalignment of coding systems for identification and classification of components at various levels of development, proprietary ownership of data, lack of knowledge and skills in team members to produce and/or utilize data sources, and limitations of software. However, the research proposes that these may be addressed by a reverse-engineered systematic process that uses the Integrated DEFinition (IDEF) 3 structured diagramming modelling technique that can be incorporated into a software model and has developed a model for a systematic approach for BIM-enabled WLC assessment based on CE principles which would include access to live data streams from completed buildings. The paper describes this model development which has the potential to enhance BIM lifecycle management through an augmented decision-making approach that is integral to the natural design development process.
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