Estimating greenhouse gas emission reductions through a diversification in transportation systems in the sugarcane industry: applying a linear programming system Global warming is a major and growing concern around the world, with governments and environmentalists intensifying studies involving measures aimed at minimizing the effects of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. Among major sectors, transportation is the second largest energy user and it remains highly dependent on fossil fuels that emit high amounts of CO 2. The sugarcane industry is an important source of export revenues for Brazil: while total revenues for 2010 reached US$ 25 billion, about US$ 13.8 billion of that was generated by exports. Sugar is a key agricultural product on the Brazilian export agenda, with about 70% of production shipped to other countries. Ethanol, also produced from sugarcane, is a major ingredient of the country's energy mix, which can also minimize emissions through its lifecycle by up to 90% compared to gasoline, its main competitor at the pump. Given the importance of transportation in greenhouse gas emissions and the possibility of diversifying transportation systems to achieve emission reductions, the goal of this thesis is to estimate the benefits the sugar-energy industry of reducing CO 2 emissions through a diversification of transportation methods utilized by the industry. A methodology that relies on linear programming was used, aimed at optimization in order to minimize emissions and transportation costs. GAMS, a widely used software in linear programming, was utilized to construct four different scenarios for both products. Scenarios one and two covered the 2010/2011 harvest and considered the current transportation network, the difference being that scenario one considered a fixed cargo ceiling and various transport modes while scenario two, the cargo ceiling was eliminated. The idea was to arrive at an ideal configuration in both economic and environmental terms, considering no structural or infrastructure obstacles to more intense utilization of different modes of transport. Scenarios three and four relied on a long-range estimate for the 2020/2021 sugarcane harvest, the main difference between the two models being that model three is based on the same infrastructure that currently exists while model four considers an expansion of possible routes involving various transport modes that could be used, considering all transportation-related projects launched by private contractors and the federal government, including those that are a part of the government's Accelerated Growth Plans I and II, also known as PAC. The results point to a tradeoff between costs and emissions, when the results of minimizing emissions and costs within the same scenario are compared. However, when results between the proposed scenarios are pitted against one another, it can be concluded that it is possible to cut costs as well as emissions for both sugar and ethanol. In the 2020/2021 harvest, the simple possibility of utilizi...
Resumo Foram realizadas culturas de fezes de aproximadamente 10% dos lactentes de uma população urbana de Manaus-Amazonas. No momento da coleta 32,50% das crianças se encontravam com diarréia e 69,44% apresentavam história anterior da enfermidade. Das crianças diarréicas foram isolados uma cepa de Shigella sonnei e 5 diferentes sorogrupos de Escherichia coli enteropatogênica. Das crianças sem diarréia isolaram-se 3 amostras de Salmonella sp e 5 diferentes sorogrupos de E. coli enteropatogênica. As cepas de Shigella sonnei e E. coli enteropatogênicas apresentaram resistência múltipla quando submetidas ao teste de susceptibilidade à antimicrobianos.
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