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Introduction Long-term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection might lead to the necessity of switching regimens. We aimed to analyze the reasons for the ART switch, the time-to-switch of ART, and its associated factors in a Colombian cohort. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort in 20 HIV clinics, including participants ≥18 years old with confirmed HIV infection who underwent an ART switch from January 2017 to December 2019 with at least 6 months of follow-up. A time-to-event analysis and an exploratory Cox model were performed. Results 796 participants switched ART during the study period. The leading cause of ART switch was drug intolerance ( n = 449; 56.4%) with a median time-to-switch of 12.2 months. The longest median time-to-switch was due to regimen simplification (42.4 months). People ≥50 years old (HR = 0.6; 95% CI (0.5–0.7) and CDC stage 3 at diagnosis (HR = 0.8; 95% CI (0.6–0.9) had less hazard for switching ART over time. Conclusions In this Colombian cohort, drug intolerance was the main cause of the ART switch, and the time-to-switch is shorter than reports from other countries. In Colombia, it is crucial to apply current recommendations for ART initiation to choose regimens with a better tolerability profile.

El singulto es una manifestación clínica común, de etiología multifactorial que funciona como un arco reflejo frente a noxas irritativas y es mediado por estimulación simpática. Dentro de las causas se han descrito procesos infecciosos como la neumonía, sin embargo, con una baja representatividad. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 34 años con diagnóstico de infección por virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) en estadio 3 con única manifestación clínica inicial de singulto documentando neumonía adquirida en comunidad como etiología. Este caso destaca la importancia del estudio del singulto especialmente en pacientes en contexto de inmunosupresión ya que en ellos la clínica que subyace un proceso infeccioso no suele ser evidente.

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Objetivo: Este estudio evaluó el efecto de la proximidad a fuentes industriales de contaminación del aire sobre la aparición de conglomerados de casos de cáncer infantil en el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá, del departamento de Antioquia, durante el período 2000-2015. Metodología: La información de casos de cáncer infantil en menores de 15 años residentes del área metropolitana se obtuvo del Registro Poblacional de Cáncer de Antioquia, de dicho periodo. Se identificaron 32 conglomerados industriales, a partir del inventario de la autoridad ambiental local. Se realizaron pruebas de escaneo circular de Kulldorf locales y focalizadas, para detectar conglomerados de cáncer infantil en los municipios y alrededor de los conglomerados industriales respectivamente. Se usó un modelo de regresión multivariable ajustado por estrato socioeconómico, para evaluar el efecto de las variables espaciales. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia específica en el Valle de Aburrá para el periodo evaluado fue de 117,13 casos por millón de niños menores de 15 años. Las tasas de incidencia más altas se presentaron en los municipios de Medellín y Sabaneta. La prueba de Kulldorf identificó 12 conglomerados espaciales y 8 espacio-temporales con significación estadística en 7 de los municipios, particularmente en Bello y Medellín. Las pruebas focalizadas identificaron conglomerados alrededor de 20 conglomerados industriales. En los modelos multivariables, un conglomerado en Bello evidenció asociación estadísticamente significativa e inversa entre la incidencia y la distancia al conglomerado con direccionalidad sureste. Conclusión: Algunos conglomerados espacio-temporales de cáncer infantil en el Área Metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá entre 2000 y 2015 están relacionados con proximidad a fuentes industriales de contaminación del aire.

Background: Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) disproportionately affects low-income and middle-income countries. Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have been less represented in scientific literature. We aimed to describe the epidemiology, burden and implemented screening and prevention strategies of RHD in LAC. Methods:We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, LILACS, and SciELO from 1990 to April 2021. Observational and experimental studies that described data on the epidemiology, burden, or prevention/screening strategies of RHD, regardless of age or language, were included. The risk of bias was assessed by previously published tools depending on their study design. Pre-specified data were independently extracted and presented by each topic (epidemiology, burden, prevention/screening). PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021250043. Results:Forty-eight studies out of 1692 non-duplicate records met the eligibility criteria. They were mainly from Brazil, observational in design, and hospital-based. Data on the epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) was not recent (most before 2000) with studies describing decreasing incidence through the years. The prevalence of RHD was described in six studies, ranging from 0.24 to 48 per 1,000 among studies evaluating schoolchildren. Nine studies described data based on admissions, ranging from 0.04% to 7.1% in single-center studies. Twenty-four studies assessed the burden of RHD with most of them reporting mortality rates/proportions and complications such as the need for intervention, atrial fibrillation, or embolism. Six preventive strategies were identified that included educational, register-based, and/or secondary prophylaxis strategies. Three well-established echocardiographic screening studies in Brazil and Peru were identified. Conclusions:Most ARF/RHD research in LAC comes from a single country, Brazil where preventive/screening efforts have been conducted. There was a paucity of data from several countries in the region, reflecting the need for epidemiological studies from more countries in LAC which will provide a better picture of the current situation of ARF/RHD and guide the implementation of preventive strategies. 2 Jaimes-Reyes et al.