Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by the excessive accumulation of body fat that is harmful to the individuals. Respiratory disorders are among the comorbidities associated with obesity. This study had the objective of investigating the alterations in respiratory function that affect obese individuals. A systematic review was performed, by selecting publications in the science databases MEDLINE and LILACS, using PubMed and SciELO. The articles that assessed pulmonary function by plethysmography and/or spirometry in obese individuals aged under 18 years were included. The results demonstrated that the obese individuals presented with a reduction in lung volume and capacity as compared to healthy individuals. Reduction of total lung capacity and reduction of forced vital capacity, accompanied by reduction of the forced expiratory volume after one second were the most representative findings in the samples. The articles analyzed proved the presence of a restrictive respiratory pattern associated with obesity.
The prevalence of a sedentary lifestyle, "risk of overweight," overweight, systemic arterial hypertension, and smoking in the population studied was 93.5%, 9.3%, 4.5%, 7.7%, and 2.4%, respectively.
Background: Physical inactivity is a predisposing factor to the onset/worsening of other cardiovascular risk factors, particularly obesity.
ResumoObjetivO. Estabelecer a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças e adolescentes de Maceió (Alagoas, Brasil) e verificar associação destes fatores com gênero, idade e tipo de escola. MétOdOs. Estudo epidemiológico descritivo, transversal. Avaliou jovens de 7 a 17 anos de idade, sorteados das 396 escolas públicas e particulares de Maceió. Após a randomização, os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário e medidas antropométricas (Índice de Massa Corporal = peso: altura 2 ). Sobrepeso e obesidade foram definidos como Índice de Massa Corporal superior ao percentil 85 e igual ou superior ao percentil 95 para idade e sexo, respectivamente. ResultadOs. A amostra final foi constituída de 1253 estudantes (706 do gênero feminino). Identificados 116 estudantes com sobrepeso e 56 estudantes com obesidade. Houve associação significante entre obesidade e estudantes com idade de sete a nove anos quando comparados com os de 10 a 13 anos (p<0,04) e com os de 14 a 17 anos (p<0,02). Estudantes das escolas particulares apresentaram o dobro de chance de terem sobrepeso (OR=2,2; IC95%:1,36-3,32) e aproximadamente cinco vezes mais chances de apresentarem obesidade (OR=4,7; IC95%:2,32-9,34) em relação aos das escolas públicas. COnClusãO. As prevalências do sobrepeso e obesidade foram de 9,3% e 4,5% respectivamente, sendo significantemente mais elevadas em estudantes das escolas particulares. UniTeRMos Artigo Original intROduçãOA obesidade é uma doença crônica em expansão e sua prevalência vem aumentando de forma crescente em todas as faixas etárias, em todos os estratos sociais, tanto em países desenvolvidos quanto em desenvolvimento, o que a torna epidêmica em alguns países 1-3 . Estudos epidemiológicos de base populacional que investigam sobrepeso e obesidade na infância são necessários na atualidade. A prevalência de sobrepeso em crianças americanas de 6 a 11 anos é de 13,7%. Em crianças inglesas, o sobrepeso é de 25% entre aquelas de 5 a 11 anos. No Brasil, pesquisas nacionais evidenciaram que 4,8% das crianças menores de 10 anos e 4,6% entre um a quatro anos têm sobrepeso [4][5][6][7] . No Brasil, a prevalência de desnutrição em adultos e crianças tem apresentado redução importante, enquanto a obesidade vem se elevando ao longo do tempo. Estudos nacionais representativos, de 1974 a 1989, com adultos e crianças, demonstram que o país vem apresentando rápida modificação, reduzindo os problemas quanto ao déficit da oferta alimentar e passando para as repercussões patológicas do excesso dessa oferta na população, constituindo a chamada transição nutricional 7 . Inquéritos nacionais realizados nas décadas de 70, 80 e 90, no Brasil, demonstraram crescimento na prevalência de obesidade de 3,6% para 7,6% no gênero feminino, na população de quatro a cinco anos de idade. Escola privada (classe média / alta) na região Nordeste apresentou prevalências de 26,2% de sobrepeso e 8,5% de obesidade em crianças e adolescentes. Entretanto, não há informações representativas sobre o perfil nutricional da população, em qualquer faix...
SummaryObjective: To analyze the importance of symptoms as a reason for referral to pediatric cardiologists in the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases (CHD) in the newborn (NB).Methods: Prospective study on live NB referred for cardiac evaluation, with performance of electrocardiogram, chest radiography and echocardiography. Cardiology consultation was requested by means of a multiple-choice form including signs and symptoms suggestive of CHD. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) without clinical and/or hemodynamic consequences was not considered a heart disease.Results: From 1999 to 2002, 358 out of 3716 NB were studied, and 49 cases of CHD and 128 of PDA were found. The prevalence of CHD was 13.2:1000 NB. The main reason for referral to the cardiologist was heart murmur in 256 (72%) NB, of which 39 (15%) had CHD, and in 91% of the 128 cases of PDA. In 14 (4%) NB, the reason for referral was cyanosis, and eight of these patients (57%) had a CHD. Heart failure was the reason for referral in 37 (10%) NB, of whom 17 (46%) had CHD. Arrhythmia, associated congenital malformations, or chromosome disorders were the reasons for referral in 14% of the cases. Conclusion:The main reason for referral was detection of a heart murmur on cardiac auscultation. Although cyanosis and heart failure were uncommon reasons for referral, their presence indicated a high probability of the diagnosis of heart disease. Pediatric screening plays a key role in this diagnosis. (Arq Bras Cardiol 2007; 89(1) : 6-10)
SummaryObjective: To determine, in a school-based sample of children and adolescents, aged 7 to 17 years, of both genders, from public and private schools, the frequency of students previously submitted to blood pressure measurements.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a population pool of randomly selected schoolchildren and adolescents from elementary and high schools. The sample was calculated based on the expected prevalence of hypertension for the age group. Data were collected through a questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured twice and hypertension was defined as mean systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure > 95th percentile. Independent variables studied were gender, age range, socioeconomic status, public/private school.Results: The final sample included 1,253 students. The response rate was 97%: 1,215 students; 531 males; mean age 12.4±3 years (236 from 7 to 9 years; 638 from 10 to 14 years; 341 from 15 to 17 years). Prevalence of hypertension was 7.7%; 348 students (29%) had been previously submitted to blood pressure measurement (54% once; 35% 2 to 4 times; 11% 5 or more times). High economic status, private school and adolescent group were significantly associated to previous blood pressure measurement.Conclusion: Despite the pediatric consensus statements and guideline recommendations on the importance of blood pressure measurement at every examination after 3 years of age, this practice presents a very low frequency (29%) among children and adolescents.
Background: Excess weight and body fat are currently recognized as the major determinants of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.
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