In REPUTE-1, the radiation barrier has been overcome and ion and electron temperatures of ⪅ 0.6 keV (Ti) and ⪅0.3 keV (Te) have been achieved at an electron density of (0.2–0.7) × 1020 m−3 and toroidal beta values of 12-18%. A resistivity anomaly due to m = l kink activity has been observed which may be connected with the peaked temperature profile and the rather broad current density profile. The plasma resistance is lower than that of reversed field pinch discharges in REPUTE-1 and decreases with increasing plasma current. In TORIUT-6, the effects of current ramp-up and carbonization of the first wall have been studied. A hollow current density profile, typical of ultra low q equilibria, is preserved which may be due to the skin current effect. The difference between current ramp-up discharges and standard discharges is the extended duration of the quiescent phase and the preservation of the position of the pitch minimum away from the axis in the ramp-up discharges. After carbonization, the duration of the quiescent phase increases and the plasma resistivity is reduced by 50%.
GnRH was first identified as the hypothalamic decapeptide that promotes gonadotropin release from pituitary gonadotropes. Thereafter, direct stimulatory and inhibitory effects of GnRH on cell proliferation were demonstrated in a number of types of primary cultured cells and established cell lines. Recently, the effects of GnRH on cell attachment, cytoskeleton remodeling, and cell migration have also been reported. Thus, the effects of GnRH on various cell activities are of great interest among researchers who study the actions of GnRH. In this study, we demonstrated that GnRH induces actin cytoskeleton remodeling and affects cell migration using two human prostatic carcinoma cell lines, TSU-Pr1 and DU145. In TSU-Pr1, GnRH-I and -II induced the filopodia formation of the cells and promoted cell migration, whereas in DU145, GnRH-I and -II induced the formation of the cells with stress fiber and inhibited cell migration. In our previous studies, we reported the stimulatory and inhibitory effects of GnRH on the cell proliferation of TSU-Pr1 and DU145 cells. This study provides the first evidence for the effects of GnRH on actin cytoskeleton remodeling and cell migration of cells in which cell proliferation was affected by GnRH at the same time. Moreover, we also demonstrated that the same human GnRH receptor subtype, human type I GnRH receptor, is essential for the effects of GnRH-I and -II on actin cytoskeleton remodeling and cell migration in both TSU-Pr1 and DU145 cells using the technique of gene knock-down by RNA interference.
Tsunoda M, Kobayashi N, Ide T, Utsumi M, Nagasawa M, Murakami K. A novel PPAR␣ agonist ameliorates insulin resistance in dogs fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294: E833-E840, 2008. First published January 22, 2008 doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00627.2007.-Agonism of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ␣, a key regulator of lipid metabolism, leads to amelioration of lipid abnormalities in dyslipidemic patients. However, whether PPAR␣ agonism is an effective form of therapy for obesity-related insulin resistance associated with lipid abnormalities is unclear. The present study investigated the effects of a potent and subtype-selective PPAR␣ agonist, KRP-101, in a nonrodent insulin-resistant animal model under pair-fed conditions. Beagle dogs were fed a high-fat diet for 24 wk to induce insulin resistance. During the final 12 wk, 0.03 mg ⅐ kg Ϫ1 ⅐ day Ϫ1 KRP-101 (n ϭ 5) or vehicle (n ϭ 5) was administered orally once a day. KRP-101 administration resulted in a significantly lower weight of overall visceral fat, which is associated with increased adiponectin and decreased leptin in serum. KRP-101 administration improved hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia as well as dyslipidemia in dogs fed a high-fat diet. Oral glucose tolerance test showed that KRP-101 administration improved glucose intolerance. The KRP-101 group showed a markedly lower hepatic triglyceride concentration. Lipid oxidation was increased in the liver and skeletal muscles of the KRP-101 group. These findings in the dog model suggest that the use of potent and subtype-selective PPAR␣ agonists as a potentially relevant therapeutic approach to treat human insulin resistance associated with visceral obesity.
LETTERS by sputtering at the divertor target may not be retained within the divertor and contamination of the core plasma may result.Peak target temperatures below ~50 eV imply that the flow will be reversed at the separatrix and forward at the wall. While this may help to remove impurities produced at the first wall, it is likely to have a detrimental effect on the particle removal rate. Coupling of core and edge plasma codes [8] has shown that the stagnated flow in the upstream scrape-off layer caused by the high recycling conditions in the divertor leads to a flattening of the radial density profile near the edge of the core plasma. Flow reversal at the separatrix is expected to increase this tendency which has the effect of increasing the particle confinement time in the core plasma. Removal of the fusion generated alpha particles may thus pose a problem leading to a higher fraction of helium in the core plasma than is desirable and a reduction of the fuel density and fusion power if the plasma is operating at its 0 limit.
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