Background This pilot study aimed to investigate how fixed orthodontic appliances simultaneously applied on the upper and lower arches affect the oral environment in the medium term. Methods The oral status of 30 orthodontic patients was evaluated using the number of decay-missing-filled teeth (DMFT), plaque (PI), and gingival indices (GI) before bonding of fixed orthodontic appliances (T0) and during the therapy (T1). Besides, the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and a dental plaque were collected. Samples were analyzed for selected Candida sp. and for 10 selected oral bacteria using mass spectroscopy and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Results In 60% of patients, deterioration of the oral status (demonstrated by the increase in PI) was recorded (p < 0.05). Moreover, the changes in PI correlated with those of GI (p < 0.001). At the T1 time point, the mean representation of Actinomyces sp. in the total prokaryotic DNA in GCF and dental plaque of individual patients increased compared to T0 (p < 0.05). The probability of finding any of the 7 selected periodontal bacteria combined with Candida sp. was 10 times higher in patients in whom PI deteriorated between T0 and T1 (p < 0.01). Conclusions Changes in the oral microbial diversity and an increase in PI were observed in the medium term after bonding of orthodontic appliance. Our study highlights the importance of a complex approach in this type of research as the association between clinical characteristics and combined microbial parameters is higher than when evaluated separately.
Background Non-syndromic cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the most common craniofacial malformations. The purpose of this study was to assess the dental arch relationships in 5-year-old children with non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) and to compare the results with the data published by other cleft centers. Methods The models of forty-six patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate taken at the age of five were scored. Neonatal cleft lip repair and one-stage palatal closure at the age from 6 to 13 months were performed in all patients by the same surgeon according to the same protocol. The outcomes of the dental arch relationships were assessed and categorized by three orthodontists experienced in cleft care; for scoring the 5 Year Olds´ index was used. Results The mean score of the 5 Year Olds´ index was 2.42. Of all the patients, 57% belonged to groups 1 and 2 (good result), 24% to group 3 (fair result), and 19% to groups 4 and 5 (poor result). These results were compared with the data published by other cleft centers. The outcomes of our method were comparable to the results achieved by other cleft centers which followed different surgical protocols. Conclusions The results of our study showed that neonatal cleft lip repair and one-stage palatal closure lead to satisfactory maxillary growth and interdental relationships.
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