After growth of Rhodococcus rhodochrous in Sauton's medium, and further incubation for about 60 h in stationary phase, there was a transient (up to 5 log) decrease in the c.f.u. count, whereas the total count remained similar to its initial value. At the point of minimal viability, the most probable number (MPN) count was 10 times greater than the c.f.u. count. This difference was further magnified by 3-4 logs (giving values close to the total count) by incorporating supernatant taken from growing cultures. A small protein similar to Rpf (resuscitation-promoting factor of Micrococcus luteus) appeared to be responsible for some of the activity in the culture supernatant. The formation of ' non-culturable ' cells of the ' Academia ' strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was similarly observed following growth in Sauton's medium containing Tween 80 in sealed culture vessels, and further incubation for an extended stationary phase. This resulted in the formation, 4-5 months postinoculation, of a homogeneous population of ostensibly ' non-culturable ' cells (zero c.f.u.). Remarkably, the MPN count for these cultures was 10 5 organisms ml N1 , and this value was further increased by one log using supernatant from an actively growing culture. Populations of ' non-culturable ' cells of Mycobacterium tuberculosis were also obtained by the filtration of ' clumpy ' cultures, which were grown in the absence of Tween 80. These small cells could only be grown in liquid medium (MPN) and their viability was enhanced by the addition of culture supernatant or Rpf. The ' non-culturable ' cells that accumulated during prolonged stationary phase in both the R. rhodochrous and the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures were small ovoid and coccoid forms with an intact permeability barrier, but with undetectable respiratory activity. The authors consider these non-culturable bacteria to be dormant. The observed activity of culture supernatants and Rpf with ' non-culturable ' bacterial suspensions invites the speculation that one, or more, of the cognate Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rpf-like molecule(s) could be involved in mechanisms of latency and reactivation of tuberculosis in vivo.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis contains five genes, rpfA through rpfE, that bear significant homology to the resuscitation-promoting factor (rpf) gene of Micrococcus luteus, whose product is required to resuscitate the growth of dormant cultures of M. luteus and is essential for the growth of this organism. Previous studies have shown that deletion of any one of the five rpf-like genes did not affect the growth or survival of M. tuberculosis in vitro. In conjunction with the results of whole-genome expression profiling, this finding was indicative of their functional redundancy. In this study, we demonstrate that the single deletion mutants are phenotypically similar to wild-type M. tuberculosis H37Rv in vivo. The deletion of individual rpf-like genes had no discernible effect on the growth or long-term survival of M. tuberculosis in liquid culture, and the ability to resuscitate spontaneously from a nonculturable state in a most probable number assay was also unaffected for the three strains tested (the ⌬rpfB, ⌬rpfD, and ⌬rpfE strains). In contrast, two multiple strains, KDT8 (⌬rpfA-mutation ⌬rpfC ⌬rpfB) and KDT9 (⌬rpfA ⌬rpfC ⌬rpfD), which lack three of the five rpf-like genes, were significantly yet differentially attenuated in a mouse infection model. These mutants were also unable to resuscitate spontaneously in vitro, demonstrating the importance of the Rpf-like proteins of M. tuberculosis in resuscitation from the nonculturable state. These results strongly suggest that the biological functions of the five rpf-like genes of M. tuberculosis are not wholly redundant and underscore the potential utility of these proteins as targets for therapeutic intervention.The majority of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis harbor a clinically latent infection in which the organism is able to persist or remain dormant within an otherwise healthy individual for prolonged periods of time (15). In a relatively small proportion of these individuals, the infection may reactivate to cause active disease. Since it is estimated that one-third of the world's population is latently infected with M. tuberculosis, the implications of reactivation tuberculosis for the global burden of disease are alarming (5). The molecular mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis persists or remains dormant and reactivates are poorly understood (12, 15) and may be attributed to the host immune response and/or the physiology of the organism itself.M. tuberculosis encodes a family of five proteins that bear significant similarity to the resuscitation promoting factor (Rpf) of Micrococcus luteus, which is a secreted protein essential for growth of this organism (9, 10). Studies on the growth stimulation and reactivation of cultures of M. luteus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, and M. tuberculosis by M. luteus Rpf and other Rpf-like proteins strongly suggest that one or more of the M. tuberculosis Rpf-like proteins may play similar roles in mycobacterial growth and/or reactivation of latent infection (8, 10, 13). However, it was...

Conditions were investigated that promote the formation of 'non-culturable' (NC) cells of Mycobacterium (Myc.) smegmatis in stationary phase. After cultivation in a rich medium, or under conditions that may be considered optimal for bacterial growth, or starvation for carbon, nitrogen or phosphorus, bacteria failed to enter a NC state. However, when grown under suboptimal conditions, resulting in a reduced growth rate or maximal cell concentration (e.g. in modified Hartman's-de Bont medium), bacteria adopted a stable NC state after 3-4 days incubation in stationary phase. Such conditions are not specific as purF and devR mutants of Myc. smegmatis also showed (transient) loss of culturability following growth to stationary phase in an optimized medium, but under oxygen-limited conditions. The behaviour of the same mutants in oxygen-sufficient but nutrient-inappropriate medium (modified Hartman's-de Bont medium) was similar to that of the wild-type (adoption of a stable NC state). It is hypothesized that adoption of a NC state may represent an adaptive response of the bacteria, grown under conditions when their metabolism is significantly compromised due to the simultaneous action of several factors, such as usage of inappropriate nutrients or low oxygen availability or impairment of a particular metabolic pathway. NC cells of wild-type Myc. smegmatis resume growth when transferred to a suitable resuscitation medium. Significantly, resuscitation was observed when either recombinant Rpf protein or supernatant derived from a growing bacterial culture was incorporated into the resuscitation medium. Moreover, co-culture with Micrococcus (Mcc.) luteus cells (producing and secreting Rpf) also permitted resuscitation. Isogenic strains of Myc. smegmatis harbouring plasmids containing the Mcc. luteus rpf gene also adopt a similar NC state after growth to stationary phase in modified Hartman's-de Bont medium. However, in contrast to the behaviour noted above, these strains resuscitated spontaneously when transferred to the resuscitation medium, presumably because they are able to resume endogenous synthesis of Mcc. luteus Rpf. Resuscitation was not observed in the control strain harbouring a plasmid lacking Mcc. luteus rpf. In contrast to wild-type, the NC cells of purF and devR mutants obtained under oxygen-limited conditions resuscitate spontaneously, presumably because the heterogeneous population contains some residual viable cells that continue to make Rpf-like proteins.

No abstract

One third of the world population carries a latent tuberculosis (TB) infection, which may reactivate leading to active disease. Although TB latency has been known for many years it remains poorly understood. In particular, substances of host origin, which may induce the resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria, have not yet been described. In vitro models of dormant (“non-culturable”) cells of Mycobacterium smegmatis (mc2155) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv were used. We found that the resuscitation of dormant M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis cells in liquid medium was stimulated by adding free unsaturated fatty acids (FA), including arachidonic acid, at concentrations of 1.6–10 µM. FA addition enhanced cAMP levels in reactivating M. smegmatis cells and exogenously added cAMP (3–10 mM) or dibutyryl-cAMP (0.5–1 mM) substituted for FA, causing resuscitation of M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis dormant cells. A M. smegmatis null-mutant lacking MSMEG_4279, which encodes a FA-activated adenylyl cyclase (AC), could not be resuscitated by FA but it was resuscitated by cAMP. M. smegmatis and M. tuberculosis cells hyper-expressing AC were unable to form non-culturable cells and a specific inhibitor of AC (8-bromo-cAMP) prevented FA-dependent resuscitation. RT-PCR analysis revealed that rpfA (coding for resuscitation promoting factor A) is up-regulated in M. smegmatis in the beginning of exponential growth following the cAMP increase in lag phase caused by FA-induced cell activation. A specific Rpf inhibitor (4-benzoyl-2-nitrophenylthiocyanate) suppressed FA-induced resuscitation. We propose a novel pathway for the resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria involving the activation of adenylyl cyclase MSMEG_4279 by FAs resulted in activation of cellular metabolism followed later by increase of RpfA activity which stimulates cell multiplication in exponential phase. The study reveals a probable role for lipids of host origin in the resuscitation of dormant mycobacteria, which may function during the reactivation of latent TB.

Resuscitation-promoting factor proteins (Rpfs) are known to participate in reactivating the dormant forms of actinobacteria. Structural analysis of the Rpf catalytic domain demonstrates its similarity to lysozyme and to lytic transglycosylases -the groups of enzymes that cleave the b-1,4-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) and GlcNAc, and concomitantly form a 1,6-anhydro ring at the MurNAc residue. Analysis of the products formed from mycobacterial peptidoglycan hydrolysis reactions containing a mixture of RpfB and resuscitation-promoting factor interacting protein (RipA) allowed us to identify the suggested product of their action -N-acetylglucosaminyl-b(1?4)-N-glycolyl-1,6-anhydromuramyl-Lalanyl-D-isoglutamate. To identify the role of this resulting product in resuscitation, we used a synthetic 1,6-anhydrodisaccharide-dipeptide, and tested its ability to stimulate resuscitation by using the dormant Mycobacterium smegmatis model. It was found that the disaccharide-dipeptide was the minimal structure capable of resuscitating the dormant mycobacterial cells over the concentration range of 9-100 ngÁmL À1 . The current study therefore provides the first insights into the molecular mechanism of resuscitation from dormancy involving a product of RpfB/RipA-mediated peptidoglycan cleavage.

BackgroundResuscitation promoting factors (RPF) are secreted proteins involved in reactivation of dormant actinobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. They have been considered as prospective targets for the development of new anti-tuberculosis drugs preventing reactivation of dormant tubercle bacilli, generally associated with latent tuberculosis. However, no inhibitors of Rpf activity have been reported so far. The goal of this study was to find low molecular weight compounds inhibiting the enzymatic and biological activities of Rpfs.Methodology/Principal FindingsHere we describe a novel class of 2-nitrophenylthiocyanates (NPT) compounds that inhibit muralytic activity of Rpfs with IC50 1–7 µg/ml. Fluorescence studies revealed interaction of active NPTs with the internal regions of the Rpf molecule. Candidate inhibitors of Rpf enzymatic activity showed a bacteriostatic effect on growth of Micrococcus luteus (in which Rpf is essential for growth protein) at concentrations close to IC50. The candidate compounds suppressed resuscitation of dormant (“non-culturable”) cells of M. smegmatis at 1 µg/ml or delayed resuscitation of dormant M. tuberculosis obtained in laboratory conditions at 10 µg/ml. However, they did not inhibit growth of active mycobacteria under these concentrations.Conclusions/SignificanceNPT are the first example of low molecular weight compounds that inhibit the enzymatic and biological activities of Rpf proteins.

For adaptation to stressful conditions, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is prone to transit to a dormant, non-replicative state, which is believed to be the basis of the latent form of tuberculosis infection. Dormant bacteria persist in the host for a long period without multiplication, cannot be detected from biological samples by microbiological methods, however, their "non-culturable" state is reversible. Mechanisms supporting very long capacity of mycobacteria for resuscitation and further multiplication after prolonged survival in a dormant phase remain unclear. Using methods of 2D electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF analysis, in this study we characterized changes in the proteomic profile of Mtb stored for more than a year as dormant, non-replicating cells with a negligible metabolic activity, full resistance to antibiotics, and altered morphology (ovoid forms). Despite some protein degradation, the proteome of 1-year-old dormant mycobacteria retained numerous intact proteins. Their protein profile differed profoundly from that of metabolically active cells, but was similar to the proteome of the 4-month-old dormant bacteria. Such protein stability is likely to be due to the presence of a significant number of enzymes involved in the protection from oxidative stress (katG/Rv1908, sodA/Rv3846, sodC/Rv0432, bpoC/Rv0554), as well as chaperones (dnaJ1/Rv0352, htpG/Rv2299, groEL2/Rv0440, dnaK/Rv0350, groES/Rv3418, groEL1/Rv3417, HtpG/Rv2299c, hspX/Rv2031), and DNA-stabilizing proteins. In addition, dormant cells proteome contains enzymes involved in specific metabolic pathways (glycolytic reactions, shortened TCA cycle, degradative processes) potentially providing a low-level metabolism, or these proteins could be "frozen" for usage in the reactivation process before biosynthetic processes start. The observed stability of proteins in a dormant state could be a basis for the long-term preservation of Mtb cell vitality and hence for latent tuberculosis.