An apparent decline of fungicide performance for the control of soybean rust in Brazil has been reported but the rate at which it has occurred has not been formally quantified. Control efficacy and yield response to three fungicides applied as single active ingredients (a.i.)—azoxystrobin (AZOX), cyproconazole (CYPR), and tebuconazole (TEBU)—and four applied as mixtures—AZOX+CYPR, picoxystrobin + CYPR, pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole, and trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (TRIF+PROT)—were summarized using network meta-analytic models fitted to mean severity and yield data from 250 trials (10-year period). The effect of year was tested on both variables in a meta-regression model. Overall control efficacy ranged from 56 to 84%; the three single-a.i. fungicides performed the poorest (56 to 62%). Yield increase for single-a.i. fungicides was as low as 30% but ranged from 47 to 65% for the premixes. Significant declines in both variables were detected for all fungicides except TRIF+PROT. For TEBU, control efficacy (yield response) declined the most: 78% (18%) to 54% (8%) from 2004–05 to 2013–14. The recent surge of resistant populations of Phakopsora pachyrhizi to both demethylation inhibitor and quinone outside inhibitor fungicides is likely the driving force behind a significant decline after 4 years of fungicide use.

-Mangifera indica, a disease known as mango blight, murcha or seca da mangueira in Brazil, is caused by the canker wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata sensu lato. It is also closely associated with infestation by the non-native wood-boring beetle Hypocryphalus mangiferae (Coleoptera: Scolytinae). The aim of this study was to characterize Ceratocystis isolates obtained from diseased mango trees in Brazil. Identification was based on sequence data from ITS1+5.8S+ITS2 rDNA, part of the Beta-tubulin 1 gene, and part of the Transcription Elongation Factor 1-alpha gene. The Brazilian isolates grouped in two well defined and unique clades within C. fimbriata s.l. These were also distinct from C. manginecans, which causes a similar disease associated with H. mangiferae in Oman and Pakistan. Based on sequence comparisons and morphological characteristics, isolates representing the two phylogenetic clades are described as C. mangicola sp. nov. and C. mangivora sp. nov.

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. phaseoli Kendrick and Snyder (FOP), is a major disease of common bean, causing large economic losses. Genetic resistance is one of the main mechanisms of pathogen control, and knowledge of the physiological variability is fundamental in breeding for resistant cultivars. Thus, a method of pathogen classification that describes the variability and is useful in plant breeding of isolates from different sources was evaluated by different methodologies. Common bean plants of different sets of differentiating cultivars were inoculated with 25 FOP isolates and 3 controls, totaling 28 isolates evaluated 30 days after inoculation. The variability in the isolates found in this study differs from the results of other authors, who reported a small number of physiological races of the pathogen and disagrees with their evaluation of the races and the evaluation methodology. The proposed approach for binary classification based on a group of 12 differentiating cultivars demonstrated that the variability in pathogenicity of FOP is greater than reported so far. By this methodology, 27 different physiological races of the pathogen were obtained. The methods led to contrasting results, with double race classification in the same isolate. The physiological variability found indicates that the physiological races of the pathogen are not limited to 7 as previously mentioned.

-The aim of common bean breeding programs is the development of high-yielding cultivars, with multiple disease resistance and high technological and nutritional grain quality. Two cultivars, IAC-Alvorada with carioca grain, and IAC-Diplomata with black grain, meet these standards, according to the results of trials of Value for Cultivation and Use

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) agente causal da murcha-de-curtobacterium em feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris), é um patógeno vascular de difícil controle. A doença foi detectada pela primeira vez no Brasil na safra das águas de 1995, no Estado de São Paulo. Por se tratar de uma doença de difícil controle, a resistência genética tem sido a melhor opção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reação de genótipos de feijoeiro à murcha-de-curtobacterium, frente a 333 acessos pertencentes ao banco de germoplasma de feijoeiro do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC). Oportunamente, foram selecionados genótipos de feijoeiro altamente resistentes e suscetíveis, com a finalidade de comparar a colonização de Cff no vaso do xilema a partir da visualização sob microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados da triagem da resistência genética em genótipos de feijoeiro indicaram a existência de variabilidade genética nas amostras dos 333 genótipos avaliados, ao isolado de Cff Feij 2634. Os materiais foram classificados em 4 grupos de resistência: 29 genótipos (8,7%) comportaram-se como altamente resistentes, 13 genótipos (3,9%) como resistentes, 18 genótipos (5%) como moderadamente resistentes e 273 genótipos (81%) suscetíveis. A partir dos resultados obtidos, cerca de 18% dos genótipos de feijoeiros, desde altamente resistentes à moderadamente resistentes, poderão ser úteis para o programa de melhoramento genético como fonte de genes para resistência a Cff. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, foram observadas em genótipos altamente resistentes, várias aglutinações da bactéria envolvidas por filamentos e estruturas rendilhadas sob pontuações da parede do vaso do xilema, não verificados em genótipos suscetíveis, o que sugere a ativação de mecanismos de defesa estruturais e bioquímicos nas plantas resistentes.

No abstract

RESUMO -A antracnose, causada por Colletotrichum dematium var. truncata, é a principal doença da soja que afeta a fase inicial de formação das vagens, podendo causar a morte das plântulas. Cercospora kikuchii é o fungo causador da doença mancha púrpura nas sementes de soja, responsável por severas reduções no rendimento e na qualidade das sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tempo mais apropriado para infecção das sementes de soja por C. dematium var. truncata e C. kikuchii, para posterior avaliação dos danos causados pelo fungo na germinação. Tais fungos foram cultivados em meio BDA. As sementes de soja cultivar MSOY 6101 foram colocadas sobre meio contendo o patógeno C. dematium var. truncata por 0 (testemunha), 4, 16, 24, 32 e 40h. As sementes da cv. CD 208 foram inoculadas com C. kikuchii pelos mesmos períodos citados, com adição de 48 e 56h. Após os respectivos tempos de contato, as sementes foram submetidas ao teste de sanidade (papel de filtro), com duas variações, sem e com assepsia superficial (hipoclorito de sódio 1% por três minutos). Determinado o tempo mais adequado de infecção, outras sementes foram infectadas pelo patógeno e, posteriormente, foram realizados testes de germinação em papel e areia com uma mistura de sementes sadias (colocadas sobre o meio BDA) e sementes inoculadas, resultando em lotes com 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100% de sementes infectadas. O tempo de incubação de 40 e 56 horas para C. dematium var truncata e C. Kikuchii, respectivamente são suficientes para obtenção da totalidade das sementes infectadas. C. Kikuchii não prejudica a germinação das sementes.Termos para indexação: antracnose, mancha púrpura, patologia de sementes. EFFECT OF COLLETOTRICHUM DEMATIUM VAR. TRUNCATA AND CERCOSPORA KIKUCHII ON SOYBEAN SEED GERMINATIONABSTRACT -Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum dematium var. truncata, is the main soybean disease that affects soybean yields. Cercospora kikuchii is the fungus that causes the purple stain disease in soybean seeds that causes severe reductions in the yield and quality of the seeds. The objective of this study was to determine the optimum period of contact of the soybean seeds with C. dematium var. truncata and C. kikuchii, for subsequent evaluation of the damage caused by the fungus on seed germination. The fungus was cultivated in PDA medium. The soybean seeds cv. MSOY 6101 were placed on Petri dishes with culture media colonized by C. dematium var. truncata for 0 (control), 4, 16, 24, 32 and 40h. The seeds of the cv. CD 208 were inoculated with C. kikuchii for the same mentioned periods, with the addition of 48 and 56h. After the respective periods of contact, they were submitted to the Blotter test, with and without superficial asepsis (sodium hipoclorite 1%, 3 minutes). After determining the optimum incubation 1 Submetido em 04/03/2004. Aceito para publicação em 27/04/2005.

DESCRIPTION, YIELD AND STABILITY OF EARLY SOYBEAN INSECT RESISTANT CULTIVAR IAC-24The breeding line IAC 93-3335 (IAC-24) was selected from the cross IAC 80-1177 x IAC 83-288 through single seed descent method (SSD) by the IAC breeding program to increase insect resistance. This cultivar has in its background two important genotypes: PI 229358 e PI 227687 (USDA germplasm), as sources of resistance to insect. The cultivar was evaluated at experimental fields in Conceição das Alagoas (MG), Campinas (SP) and Mococa (SP) (1994/95), in Conceição das Alagoas, Campinas, Tarumã (SP) and Votuporanga (SP) (1995/96) and Conceição das Alagoas, Campinas, Tarumã, Votuporanga, Mococa, Capão Bonito (SP) and Ribeirão Preto (SP) (1996/97). The trials were installed using randomized block design, with four replications. Results of productivity indicate that the cultivar IAC-24 shows lower yields at Campinas, with 2302 kg.ha -1 , and higher yields at Conceição das Alagoas, with 4003 kg.ha -1 . The IAC-24 soybean exhibits long juvenile period, flowering time at 57 days, and complete life cicle around 124 days after seed germination. Plants show brown pubescence, yellow seeds with brown hilum. The new cultivar is resistant to bacterial pustule (Xanthomonas campestris pv. glycines), "wildfire" (Pseudomonas seringae pv tabaci), stem cancker (Diaporthe phaseolorum f.sp. meridionalis) and soybean mosaic virus(SMV). Joint analysis showed significant effects of genotypes, environments and interactions. For each environment, joint analysis were also realized. The IAC-24 cultivar showed the highest yield (3.480 kg.ha -1 ). The Dunnet test indicated that the difference was significant when compared with IAC-15. Among the lines, IAC-24 showed the lowest defoliation by caterpillars, and presented low pod damage similar to IAC-100 soybean cultivar. So, the new cultivar is resistant to insect damage, has good yield, and should be recommended for cultivation in State of São Paulo and similar environments.