Aim: To compare presenteeism levels among three samples of nurses and to identify the relationship between presenteeism and sociodemographic and professional characteristics. Background: Presenteeism (going to work ill) is a phenomenon studied from different perspectives, and it has become especially important during the current COVID-19 outbreak; its connection to high healthcare costs, patient safety breaches and negative nurse well-being has been proved. Introduction: The nursing profession is particularly associated with caring for the culture of teamwork, loyalty to colleagues and professional identity. This condition enhances the 'super nurse phenomenon', even though nurses do not feel physically and psychologically able to work. Methods: A multicentre, cross-sectional study was conducted in three different country contexts: Oviedo (Spain), Porto (Portugal) and São Paulo (Brazil). Nurses performing functions in hospitals and primary health care were enrolled. Informed consent and data collection questionnaires were hand delivered. The Stanford Presenteeism Scale-6 was applied. Results: A total of 659 nurses participated. Portuguese nurses showed greater prevalence of presenteeism, followed by Brazilian and Spanish nurses. Younger nurses with less professional experience presented lower levels of presenteeism but greater psychological commitment. Male participants showed lower capacity to complete work when ill than female participants. Conclusions: Age and length of professional experience proved to be significant predictors of total presenteeism, although only professional experience revealed statistical significance in the adjusted model. Implications for Nursing and Health Policy: The knowledge of this phenomenon among nurses highlights the need for the development of strategies in the curriculum of nursing students and organizations. Resilience and ergonomic training should be applied in the training programmes of the students and reinforced by the health centre managers. It is essential that healthcare systems design worksite wellness programmes that pursue greater physical and mental well-being for healthcare professionals.
RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO:Os enfermeiros exercem a sua atividade num ambiente de trabalho fértil em fatores que favorecem o aumento dos níveis de stresse no trabalho. Estes afetam o trabalhador e as organizações, podendo a resiliência ser um fator protetor. OBJETIVO: Conhecer os níveis de Resiliência e Burnout de enfermeiros, sua variação em função de caracteristicas sociodemográ cas e pro ssionais e a relação entre ambos, no sentido de veri car se a Resiliência pode ajudar na promoção da saúde mental e ocupacional dos enfermeiros. METODOLOGIA: Questionário de Caracterização Sociodemográ ca e Pro ssional, Escala de Resiliência e Maslach Burnout Inventory (HSS). Participaram de forma anónima e voluntária 200 enfermeiros de hospitais públicos da área metropolitana do Porto, sendo 70% do sexo feminino, com idades entre 25 e 57 anos (M=33,8 anos), 43% casados ou em união de facto, 36% com lhos, 82% com licenciatura, 76% com vinculo de nitivo, 80% trabalha em turno rotativo, média 10,6 anos de experiência na pro ssão e média de 6,6 anos de tempo na instituição. RESULTADOS: Encontraram-se niveis de moderada exaustão emocional, baixos valores de despersonalização e elevados valores de realização pessoal e de Resiliência. Existem correlações negativas entre exaustão emocional e resiliência, e correlações positivas entre realização pessoal e resiliência. A análise comparativa evidenciou o turno com diferenças signi cativas na despersonalização, tendo valores mais elevados nos trabalhadores de turno rotativo. A resiliencia explica negativamente 8% da exaustão emocional e positivamente 26% da realização pessoal, surgindo apenas 5% da amostra com Burnout elevado e 12% com resiliência reduzida. CONCLUSÃO: A resiliência pode ajudar a reduzir a vulnerabilidade dos enfermeiros ao Burnout, pois elevada resiliência está relacionada com menos stresse, protegendo do Burnout.Os resultados alertam para a prevenção do Burnout, nomeadamente no que se refere aos turnos, pois estes comprometem o comportamento resiliente e aumentam a vulnerabilidade ao Burnout.
Objetivo: to identify and compare burnout levels between Portuguese, Spanish and Brazilian nurses. Method: quantitative, descriptive, correlational, comparative and cross-sectional study conducted using a sample of 1,052 nurses working in hospitals and primary care centers. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout Inventory were applied to nurses in Porto, Portugal (n=306), Oviedo, Spain (n=269) and S. Paulo, Brazil (n=477). Data analysis was performed using descriptive, inferential and multivariate analysis. Results: approximately 42% of the nurses showed moderate/high levels of burnout, with no differences found between countries (Portugal and Brazil 42%, Spain 43%). Only depersonalization showed differences between countries, presenting Spain the highest level and Portugal the lowest one. Comparative analysis showed higher burnout levels in young nurses and those working by shifts. Considering job schedules, burnout was associated to shift work in Portugal, while in Spain and Brazil it was associated with fixed schedules. Conclusion: these results suggest that this syndrome among nurses is a global phenomenon. The daily stressors and higher demands of the nursing profession are crucial in the preparation of nurses to deal with complex situations, to avoid burnout, and to reduce the negative impact on nurses’ health and on the quality of care they provide.
One of the main aims of this scoping selective review is to clarify the differences between expressive and creative writing in the mental health context, not only at a conceptual level but also regarding its therapeutic effects. The other one is to identify the more efficient ways to develop therapeutic creative writing programs for a clinical population. Considering these specific aims, we employed a selective review on the writing therapeutic literature. We found that, although expressive writing is clearly defined and its benefits on mental health empirically well established, creative writing lacks a consistent conceptualization in clinical settings. Similarly, we reported several studies focusing in the therapeutic benefits of poetry, but other writings genres receive much less attention and are even more insufficiently defined. Since some studies support the idea that giving a significant content to a text is more beneficial, and considering that writing creatively offers new perspectives and meanings to the information, we propose that the development of creative writing programs should be tried. Aiming to develop such programs in the future, we give some suggestions based on already studied expressive writing methods.
INTRODUÇÃO: As novas exigências profissionais e laborais na Enfermagem constituem fatores de risco para a saúde mental dos enfermeiros, cujas consequências individuais podem ser o burnout e a desmotivação no trabalho, bem como, a nível organizacional, a qualidade dos cuidados prestados. OBJETIVO: Conhecer os níveis de burnout e de engagement numa amostra de enfermeiros, a sua inter-relação e variação em função de características sociodemográficas/laborais. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, descritivo e correlacional, desenvolvido no âmbito do projeto INT-SO "Dos contextos de trabalho à saúde ocupacional dos profissionais de enfermagem". Foram aplicadas versões portuguesas do Maslach Burnout Inventory e da Utrecht Work Engagement Scale, e um questionário de caracterização sociodemográfica/laboral a 346 enfermeiros do distrito do Porto, com participação anónima e voluntária. RESULTADOS: Encontraram-se níveis elevados de engagement, moderados de exaustão emocional e baixos de despersonalização, existindo 54% de enfermeiros com nível baixo de burnout, 36% com moderado e 9% com elevado. O burnout diminui com a idade e anos de serviço, surge associado a turnos rotativos, a trabalhar em hospitais, tem correlação negativa com o engagement e prediz mais fortemente o engagement (entre 19,6 e 39,6%) do que o inverso (entre 7,5 e 37,9%). CONCLUSÕES: A existência de 9% de enfermeiros em burnout confirma este grupo como em risco do adoecer psicológico. Os resultados apontam para a importância da saúde mental dos enfermeiros no contexto de trabalho, reforçando a prevenção do burnout e valorizando a saúde mental positiva expressa nas dimensões do engagement dedicação e vigor dos enfermeiros.
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