Background: Dental caries is a disease that is produced by the dissolution of local chemical surfaces of the teeth caused by product of microbial fermentation from dietary carbohydrates in the biofilm that attached to the teeth. Streptococcus mutans as the primary microbial pathogen in the aetiology of caries. They have a characteristic ability to produce voluminous amounts of sticky, extracellular polysaccharides in the presence of dietary carbohydrates, thus, help tenacious binding of the organism to enamel. Caries can be prevented by regular tooth brushing and flossing as mechanical plaque removal for cleaning the tooth. However, for many individuals, it difficult to eliminate Streptococcus mutans from the surfaces of the tooth by mechanical means alone over prolonged periods. Consequently, for effective caries control, these methods should be combined with the antimicrobial agent such as mouthwash whould have a direct inhibitory effect on the microorganism that can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic. However, they have several undesirable side effects reported from clinical studies. The use of medicinal plants is highly considered, because of side effects of chemical substances. Recently, Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves extracts as herbal mouthwashes are being tried and have been scientifically proven from several studies to be safe and effective to protection against dental caries because of its inhibitory effect or antimicrobial property against Streptococcus mutans. Purposes: The main aim of this literature review article is to explain the potencially antimicrobial herbal mouthwashes from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves extracts towards cariogenic bacterial Streptococcus mutans. Conclusions: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves extracts as herbal mouthwashes can be strongly recommended as a caries preventing agent.
Smoking duration can have a number of detrimental effects on oral health including tooth loss, periodontal disease, oral soft tissue changes, excessive tooth wear, halitosis, implant failure, oropharyngeal cancer, and dental caries. This study aimd to analyze the relationship between smoking duration and the occurrence of dental caries among residents of social care institutions. This was an observational and analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Samples were 100 residents of Panti Sosial Bina Insan Bangun Daya 1, Kedoya Jakarta Barat, taken by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by examining dental caries experience with the DMF-T index to obtain the status of dental caries and filling out a questionnaire to obtain the frequency of smoking duration. The Spearman correlation test showed a p-value of 0.436 with a coefficient of r = 0.079 for the relationship between smoking duration and the occurrence of dental caries. In conclusion, there is no relationship between duration of smoking and the occurrence of dental caries in residents of social care institutions. However, the prevalence of caries experience for those residents reaches 96% with an average DMF-T index of 4.8 which is categorized as high according to WHO. Keywords: dental caries; duration of smoking; residents of social care institutions; index DMF-T Abstrak: Durasi merokok dapat memiliki sejumlah efek merugikan pada kesehatan mulut, antara lain kehilangan gigi, penyakit periodontal, perubahan jaringan lunak oral, keausan gigi yang berlebihan, halitosis, kegagalan implan, kanker orofaringeal, dan karies gigi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara durasi merokok dengan terjadinya karies gigi di panti sosial. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode observasional analitik dengan desain potong lintang. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 100 orang penghuni panti sosial Bina Insan Bangun Daya 1, Kedoya Jakarta Barat, yang diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengambilan data melalui pemeriksaan pengalaman karies gigi dengan indeks DMF-T untuk melihat status karies gigi dan pengisian kuesioner untuk melihat frekuensi durasi merokok. Hasil uji korelasi Spearman terhadap hubungan antara durasi merokok dengan terjadinya karies gigi memperoleh nilai p=0,436 dengan koefisien r = 0,079. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah tidak terdapat hubungan antara durasi merokok dengan terjadinya karies gigi pada penghuni panti sosial. Prevalensi pengalaman karies penghuni panti panti sosial mencapai 96% dengan rerata indeks DMF-T sebesar 4,8 yang tergolong tinggi menurut WHO. Kata kunci: karies gigi; durasi merokok; penghuni panti sosial; indeks DMF-T
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