Objectives An evaluation of risk factors for adverse drug events in critically ill patients has not been previously studied. The purpose of this original study was to determine risk factors for adverse drug events in critically ill adult patients. Design This retrospective case-control study includes patients who were admitted to the intensive care unit during a 7.5-yr period. Setting Academic medical center with 647 beds that contains approximately 120 intensive care unit beds. Patients Patients in the case group experienced an adverse drug event as documented in the hospital’s database. The control group comprised the next two patients admitted to the same intensive care unit by the same admitting service. Interventions None. Measurements and Main Results Twenty-nine suspected risk factors identified from the literature were evaluated, including patient characteristics, drug characteristics, and laboratory values using a multiple logistic regression. A sample of 1101 cases and controls (54% male), with a mean age of 59.4 ± 17.5 yrs, were identified. In 367 cases, there was a total of 499 documented adverse drug events. Patients with kidney injury, thrombocytopenia, and those admitted emergently were 16-times, 3-times, and 2-times more likely to have an adverse drug event, respectively. Patients who were administered intravenous medications had a 3% higher risk of having an adverse drug event for each drug dispensed. Overall, the case group received more drugs per intensive care unit day and more drugs per intensive care unit stay. Conclusions Several patient and drug-related characteristics contribute to the risk of adverse drug events in critically ill patients. Diligent monitoring of factors that can influence the pharmacokinetic properties for existing drug therapies is necessary. Drug regimens should be evaluated daily for minimization. Based on previous studies, pharmacists as part of the interdisciplinary team could help to manage these risks.

We use ALMA observations of CO(2–1) in 13 massive (M * ≳ 1011 M ⊙) poststarburst galaxies at z ∼ 0.6 to constrain the molecular gas content in galaxies shortly after they quench their major star-forming episode. The poststarburst galaxies in this study are selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectroscopic samples (Data Release 14) based on their spectral shapes, as part of the Studying QUenching at Intermediate-z Galaxies: Gas, angu L → ar momentum, and Evolution ( SQuIGG L ⃗ E ) program. Early results showed that two poststarburst galaxies host large H2 reservoirs despite their low inferred star formation rates (SFRs). Here we expand this analysis to a larger statistical sample of 13 galaxies. Six of the primary targets (45%) are detected, with M H 2 ≳ 10 9 M ⊙. Given their high stellar masses, this mass limit corresponds to an average gas fraction of 〈 f H 2 ≡ M H 2 / M * 〉 ∼ 7 % or ∼14% using lower stellar masses estimates derived from analytic, exponentially declining star formation histories. The gas fraction correlates with the D n 4000 spectral index, suggesting that the cold gas reservoirs decrease with time since burst, as found in local K+A galaxies. Star formation histories derived from flexible stellar population synthesis modeling support this empirical finding: galaxies that quenched ≲150 Myr prior to observation host detectable CO(2–1) emission, while older poststarburst galaxies are undetected. The large H2 reservoirs and low SFRs in the sample imply that the quenching of star formation precedes the disappearance of the cold gas reservoirs. However, within the following 100–200 Myr, the SQuIGG L ⃗ E galaxies require the additional and efficient heating or removal of cold gas to bring their low SFRs in line with standard H2 scaling relations.

We describe the Studying Quenching in Intermediate-z Galaxies: Gas, angu L → ar momentum, and Evolution ( SQuIGG L ⃗ E ) survey of intermediate-redshift post-starburst galaxies. We leverage the large sky coverage of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey to select ∼ 1300 recently quenched galaxies at 0.5 < z ≤ 0.9 based on their unique spectral shapes. These bright, intermediate-redshift galaxies are ideal laboratories to study the physics responsible for the rapid quenching of star formation: they are distant enough to be useful analogs for high-redshift quenching galaxies, but low enough redshift that multiwavelength follow-up observations are feasible with modest telescope investments. We use the Prospector code to infer the stellar population properties and nonparametric star formation histories (SFHs) of all galaxies in the sample. We find that SQuIGG L ⃗ E galaxies are both very massive (M * ∼ 1011.25 M ⊙) and quenched, with inferred star formation rates ≲1 M ⊙ yr−1, more than an order of magnitude below the star-forming main sequence. The best-fit SFHs confirm that these galaxies recently quenched a major burst of star formation: >75% of SQuIGG L ⃗ E galaxies formed at least a quarter of their total stellar mass in the recent burst, which ended just ∼200 Myr before observation. We find that SQuIGG L ⃗ E galaxies are on average younger and more burst-dominated than most other z ≲ 1 post-starburst galaxy samples. This large sample of bright post-starburst galaxies at intermediate redshift opens a wide range of studies into the quenching process. In particular, the full SQuIGG L ⃗ E survey will investigate the molecular gas reservoirs, morphologies, kinematics, resolved stellar populations, active galactic nucleus incidence, and infrared properties of this unique sample of galaxies in order to place definitive constraints on the quenching process.

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These instruments demonstrated similar results for evaluating ADRs in the ICU retrospectively, suggesting that instrument selection with any of the three instruments is reasonable. For concurrent ADR evaluations, there is greater variability in the level of causality obtained among pharmacovigilance algorithms and Kramer displayed better agreement with its comparators. A suggestion for a more definitive concurrent ADR assessment is to use more than one algorithm. This may be challenging in daily clinical practice; however, it is a reasonable expectation for research.

An older woman with Alzheimer's disease was admitted to a dementia care facility because of aggressive behavior. Treatment with sertraline was initiated in February 1998. Sertraline doses were increased gradually to 200 mg daily by May 1998, and some improvement in behavior was seen. Concomitant therapy with donepezil 5 mg qhs was initiated June 26, 1998. Ten days later, confusion and jaundice were noted. Total bilirubin was 5.6 mg/dL, GGTP was 1,208 IU/L, and alkaline phosphatase was 369 IU/L. Computed tomography revealed cholelithiasis without ductal dilation. Liver, spleen, and pancreas seemed normal. Donepezil and sertraline were discontinued. The patient was admitted to our institution and treated for dehydration. A liver biopsy revealed scattered portal eosinophils and prominent cholestasis consistent with acute chemical hepatitis. The GGTP and total bilirubin of this patient peaked at 2,235 IU/L and 22.6 mg/dL, respectively. The patient improved, and her liver function tests normalized over the next 2 months.

We present structural measurements of 145 spectroscopically selected intermediate-redshift (z ∼ 0.7), massive (M ⋆ ∼ 1011 M ⊙) post-starburst galaxies from the SQuIGG L ⃗ E sample measured using wide-depth Hyper Suprime-Cam i-band imaging. This deep imaging allows us to probe the sizes and structures of these galaxies, which we compare to a control sample of star-forming and quiescent galaxies drawn from the LEGA-C Survey. We find that post-starburst galaxies systematically lie ∼0.1 dex below the quiescent mass–size (half-light radius) relation, with a scatter of ∼0.2 dex. This finding is bolstered by nonparametric measures, such as the Gini coefficient and the concentration, which also reveal these galaxies to have more compact light profiles than both quiescent and star-forming populations at similar mass and redshift. The sizes of post-starburst galaxies show either negative or no correlation with the time since quenching, such that more recently quenched galaxies are larger or similarly sized. This empirical finding disfavors the formation of post-starburst galaxies via a purely central burst of star formation that simultaneously shrinks the galaxy and shuts off star formation. We show that the central densities of post-starburst and quiescent galaxies at this epoch are very similar, in contrast with their effective radii. The structural properties of z ∼ 0.7 post-starburst galaxies match those of quiescent galaxies that formed in the early universe, suggesting that rapid quenching in the present epoch is driven by a similar mechanism to the one at high redshift.

Protamine and sodium polystyrene performed the best by detecting ADRs in at least one out of two evaluations. Detection strategies other than signals were not as sensitive at identifying the same ADRs as antidote signals.