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Abstract-This work presents a system for the in-line waferlevel characterisation of electrochemical sensors. Typically, such sensors are first diced and packaged before being electrochemically tested. By integrating their characterisation into the manufacturing process, the production of electrochemical sensors becomes more efficient and less expensive as they can be parametrically tested midway through the fabrication process, without the need to package them. This enables malfunctioning or failed devices to be identified before dicing and reduces costs as only functional devices are packaged (in many cases this can be more expensive than the sensor fabrication). This study describes wafer-level characterisation of a simple electrochemical sensor design using a photoresist hydrophobic corralling film for the electrolyte and a probe station for contacting to individual dies.

High clutter and low signal mean that existing retinal-imaging techniques are not well suited to measuring retinal metabolism. We describe spectral/lifetime phasor measurement of fluorescent biomarkers as a route to routine assessment of retinal health.

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