This study sought to examine the impact upon actors' selection of strategies to manage failure events of several contextual factors: characteristics of the reproachedactor relationship, communicative goal-orientation of the actors, severity of the failure event, character of the reproach for the failure event, and the actors' degree of expressed guilt. Results indicated that actors elected to make no response when they felt less guilt, when there was no overt reproach, when their instrumental goal (securing honoring) was unimportant, and when the failure event was a severe offense. Concessions were used when the reproachers said nothing or projected a concession, when the offense was severe, when the acton' instrumental goal was important, and when they felt guilty. Actors chose to justify their behavior in high intimate situations where their instrumental goal was less important. Refusal to account was most likely to occur when reproachers used an aggravating reproach form, when actors felt unjustly accused, and when reproachers were dominant. Excuses were fairly uniformly distributed across all contexts.And the Lord God called unto Adam, and said unto him, Where art thou?And he said, I heard thy voice in the garden, and I war afraid, because I war naked, and I hid mysev.And He said, Who told thee that thou wast naked? Hart thou eaten of the tree, whereof I commanded thee that thou shouldest not eat?And the man said, The woman who thou givest to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I did eat. And the Lord God said unto the woman, Whar is rhis rhar thou hast done?And the woman said, The serpent beguiled me and I did -Genesis 3: 9-13 eat.
This study investigates the underlying dimensions of figurativeness and literalness in descriptive language. While theoretic models argue for a continuous relationship between figurative and literal language, empirical research tends to treat these categories as dichotomous. Multidimensional scaling and hierarchical clustering analyses were applied to data provided by a free sort task. Results suggest that the figurativehitera1 dimension of language is not dichotomous; rather, the dimension appears to be continuous as theoretic models suggest. Further, the literallfigurative dimension does not appear to be a salient dimension in terms of decoders' processes for handling a variety of descriptive terms.
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