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Background In a recent randomized controlled trial, daily oral preexposure chemoprophylaxis (PrEP) was shown to be effective for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men (MSM). The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently provided interim guidance for PrEP use among MSM who are at high risk for acquiring HIV. Previous studies failed to reach a consistent estimate of its cost-effectiveness. Objective To estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PrEP in MSM in the United States. Design Dynamic model of HIV transmission and progression combined with a detailed economic analysis. Data Sources Published literature. Target Population MSM aged 13–64 in the United States. Time Horizon Lifetime. Perspective Societal. Interventions We evaluated PrEP for the general MSM population and for high-risk MSM. We assumed that PrEP reduces infection risk by 44%, based on clinical trial results. Outcome Measures New HIV infections, discounted quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and costs, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results of Base-Case Analysis If PrEP is initiated in 20% of MSM in the United States, we estimate a 13% reduction in new HIV infections and a gain of 550,166 QALYs over 20 years at a cost of $172,091/QALY gained. Initiating PrEP in a larger proportion of MSM averts more infections but at increasing cost per QALY gained ($216,480/QALY gained when 100% of MSM receive PrEP). Using PrEP only in high-risk MSM can improve its cost-effectiveness. PrEP costs approximately $50,000/QALY gained for MSM with 5 annual partners on average. PrEP for all high-risk MSM for 20 years leads to $75 billion in healthcare-related costs incremental to the status quo and costs $600,000 per HIV infection averted, compared with incremental costs of $95 billion and $2 million per infection averted for 20% coverage of all MSM. Results of Sensitivity Analysis PrEP use in the general MSM population costs less than $100,000/QALY gained if the daily cost of antiretroviral drugs for PrEP is less than $15 or if PrEP efficacy is greater than 75%. Limitation When examining PrEP use in high-risk MSM, we did not model mixing between low- and high-risk MSM because of lack of data on mixing patterns. Conclusion Use of PrEP for HIV prevention in the general MSM population could prevent a substantial number of HIV infections but is expensive. PrEP use in high-risk MSM compares favorably to other interventions considered cost-effective, but could result in annual expenditures on PrEP of over $4 billion.

Background-Although recent guidelines call for expanded routine screening for HIV, resources for antiretroviral treatment (ART) are limited and all eligible people are not currently being treated.

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Policies focused on services for addicted people improve population health without harming any groups. Policies that reduce the prescription opioid supply may increase heroin use and reduce quality of life in the short term, but in the long term could generate positive health benefits. A portfolio of interventions will be needed for eventual mitigation.

We present a survey of over 50 representative problems in location research. Our goal is not to review all variants of different location models or to describe solution results, but rather to provide a broad overview of major location problems that have been studied, indicating briefly how they are formulated and how they relate to one another. We review standard problems such as median, center, and warehouse location problems, as well as less traditional location problems which have emerged in recent years. Our primary focus is on problems for which operations research-type models have been developed. Most of the problems we review have been formulated as optimization problems.location theory

Screening programs for HBV among Asian and Pacific Islander adults are likely to be cost effective. Clinically significant benefits accrue from identifying chronically infected persons for medical management and vaccinating their close contacts. Such efforts can greatly reduce the burden of HBV-associated liver cancer and chronic liver disease in the Asian and Pacific Islander population.

A cost-effectiveness study by Sabina Alistar and colleagues evaluates the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of different levels of investment in methadone, ART, or both, in the mixed HIV epidemic in Ukraine.