This study investigated whether the gender of manuscript authors affected reviewers' editorial decisions. Female and male reviewers for five behavioral journals were asked to evaluate identical manuscripts according to their usual criteria. Half the manuscripts were supposedly written by men and half by women. Male reviewers did not evaluate male- and female-authored manuscripts differently. Female reviewers accepted significantly more female-authored (62%) than male-authored (10%) manuscripts. Female-authored manuscripts were accepted significantly more often by female (62%) than by male (21%) reviewers. Information unrelated to the quality of the manuscript appears to have influenced reviewers' decisions. Implications for the journal review process are discussed.
Daily electricity consumption of four families was recorded for 106 days. A reversal design, consisting of various experimental conditions interspersed between repeated baseline conditions, was used. During experimental conditions, daily prompts (written conservation slogans attached to front doors) and/or daily feedback (daily kilowatts consumed and daily cost information) were in effect. Maximum consumption occurred during the initial baseline; minimum consumption occurred during different experimental conditions for different families. The mean decrease from the maximum to the minimum for all families was 35%. Reversals in consumption were demonstrated in three families, although successive baselines tended to decrease. No clear differences in effectiveness between prompting and feedback conditions were apparent. The procedures used resulted in considerable dollar savings for the families.DESCRIPTORS: electricity conservation, reversal design, prompts, feedback, cost information, daily kilowatt hour consumption, suburban families Environmental problems have been the subject of recent behavioral analyses, e.g., littering (Burgess, Clark, and Hendee, 1971; Kohlenberg and Philips, 1973), destructive lawn walking (Note 1), and recycling (Geller, Farris, and Post, 1973). The energy shortage is an environmental problem that has recently become critical. Seaver and Patterson (1976) increased fuel-oil conservation by providing consumption feedback plus social commendation for lowered consumption levels. Behavioral procedures have also been used to delay the use of some electrical appliances until nonpeak times of the day (Kohlenberg, Phillips, and Proctor, 1976
Classroom use of the Personalized System of Instruction (PSI) was investigated by sending questionnaires to three groups, early (before 1975) users of PSI, recent (after 1975) users, and current chairpersons of psychology departments. Data from all three sources suggest that fewer PSI courses are being taught, and that many depart substantially from the original PSI format.
A reinforcement procedure designed to facilitate litter removal in an amusement park was evaluated in this study. A constantly changing population of vacationing children of varying ages was offered complimentary tickets for amusement park rides contingent upon collection of bags of litter in the park. A cost and effect analysis showed that this particular reinforcement program for litter removal was approximately two-and-one-half times as effective at about the same cost as traditional salaried maintenance.
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