The aim of the two studies was to confirm and clarify the relationships between values and components of organizational commitment (OC) in two organizations. Study 1 extended the work of Finegan (2000) by investigating antecedents of OC in terms of personal and perceived organizational values while controlling for the effects of tenure. Study 2 involved a field experiment to investigate the consequents of OC in terms of turnover intention, how such intention varies as a function of the values of the alternative employer, and how it is related to the different components of OC. The results of Study 1 provide support for the argument that perceived organizational values are drivers of values-based OC, but that unlike the related components of affective and normative OC, continuance OC may not be values-based. Study 2's results indicated that turnover intention was higher in a company supporting vision values, and that affective OC acted as a buffer against interest in alternative employment. Together these findings imply that companies adopting prosocial values, such as vision, selfdirection, and humanity may enhance affective and normative OC, and thus performance.Values have been defined as desirable, trans-situational goals, varying in importance, that serve as guiding principles in people's lives (Schwartz, 1992). They are drivers of behaviour (Rokeach, 1973), including workplace behaviour (Schwartz, 1999). Dose (1997) observes that 'so much of our time is spent in a working environment, work values are particularly significant and salient ' (p. 236). Much values research has focused on how individuals, groups, organizations, and cultures differ in the values they hold, and how these differences affect behaviour. Recent work by Schwartz and Bardi (2001) investigated similarities among value priorities. They found that some 'pan-cultural motivational values, including: benevolence (preservation and enhancement of the welfare of people with whom one is in frequent contact), self-direction (independent thought and action, choosing own goals), and universalism (understanding, appreciation,

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A modified version of the stop signal task (suitable for use with very young children) was administered to a pre primary school group of children (<5 years, 6 months); a young primary group (5 years, 7 months to 7 years, 6 months); a mid primary group (7 years, 7 months to 9 years, 6 months) and a group of adults. Significant age differences in the ability to inhibit responding were found. These results highlight the need for measures of response inhibition which are appropriate for use with very young children, when the first signs of inhibitory skills are emerging. It is also imperative that such measures allow the assessment of skills across a broad range of age groups in order to comprehensively monitor their development.

Acute episodic breathlessness in patients receiving palliative care is a distressing symptom with little evidence-base to inform management. This pilot, double-blind, controlled, crossover study compared the effects of nebulized hydromorphone, systemic hydromorphone and nebulized saline for the relief of episodic breathlessness in advanced cancer patients. On three occasions of acute breathlessness, patients randomly received either nebulized hydromorphone, a systemic breakthrough dose of hydromorphone or nebulized saline together with a blinding agent. Breathlessness was scored before and 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes post-treatment completion using a 100 mm visual analog scale. Twenty patients completed the trial. Ratings did not differ significantly across pretest treatments. Change in ratings from pretest to 10 minutes after completion of nebulization (about 20 minutes after administration of systemic hydromorphone) indicated that each of the treatments resulted in statistically significant improvements in breathlessness, with no significant differences between treatments. Over time, breathlessness decreased significantly for all treatments, with no significant differences between treatments. Only nebulized hydromorphone produced a rapid improvement in breathlessness that reached a magnitude considered to be clinically important. Interpretation of these results is considered in relation to our definition of clinical significance, the dose of hydromorphone used and the possibility of a placebo effect. This study can serve to inform the design of future trials to investigate the management of incident breathlessness.

This study applied the self-regulation model to examine cognitive and emotional predictors of screening in unaffected women with a strong family history of breast cancer. 748 unaffected female members of an Australian registry of multiple-case breast cancer families formed the sample. Participants completed a baseline psychosocial questionnaire and a screening questionnaire 3 years later. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to determine predictors of under- and over-screening according to national guidelines. At follow-up 16% of women under-screened and 10% over-screened with mammography; 55% under-screened with clinical breast examination (CBE); and 9% over-screened with breast self-examination (BSE). Of the women found screening according to guidelines for mammography 72% reported ever having received specific recommendations for mammography screening from a health professional. Compared to appropriate screeners, under-screeners on mammography were less likely to have received a screening recommendation (as were under-screeners on CBE), were younger and reported lower perceived breast cancer risk, but were at higher relative risk (RR) of breast cancer and were more likely to report elevated depression. Over-screeners on mammography were more likely to be younger and have a lower RR of breast cancer. Over-screeners on BSE reported elevated cancer-specific anxiety, were less likely to be university educated and more likely to have received a recommendation for BSE. Under- and over-screening is common in women with a strong family history of breast cancer. Evaluation of interventions targeting perceived risk of breast cancer, anxiety and depression are needed to ensure women obtain accurate advice from relevant specialists and enact screening recommendations.

In the first interview, caregivers expressed anxieties associated with their ability to undertake the task of administering injections, including fears of overdosing their family member. In the bereavement interview caregivers reflected they were pleased they had contributed to the symptom relief of a family member and that although they would not necessarily volunteer to inject family members again, they were generally empowered by the experience. It is important for health professionals to support lay caregivers to successfully achieve their extended caregiving role.