Summary Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are projected to lower the pH of the ocean 0.3 units by 2100. Previous studies suggested that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the numerically dominant phytoplankton in the oceans, have different responses to elevated CO2 that may result in a dramatic shift in their relative abundances in future oceans. Here we showed that the exponential growth rates of these two genera respond to future CO2 conditions in a manner similar to other cyanobacteria, but Prochlorococcus strains had significantly lower realized growth rates under elevated CO2 regimes due to poor survival after exposure to fresh culture media. Despite this, a Synechococcus strain was unable to outcompete a Prochlorococcus strain in co‐culture at elevated CO2. Under these conditions, Prochlorococcus' poor response to elevated CO2 disappeared, and Prochlorococcus' relative fitness showed negative frequency dependence, with both competitors having significant fitness advantages when initially rare. These experiments suggested that the two strains should be able to coexist indefinitely in co‐culture despite sharing nearly identical nutritional requirements. We speculate that negative frequency dependence exists due to reductive Black Queen evolution that has resulted in a passively mutualistic relationship analogous to that connecting Prochlorococcus with the ‘helper’ heterotrophic microbes in its environment.
Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are projected to lower the pH of the open ocean by 0.2 to 0.3 units over the next century. Laboratory experiments show that different phytoplankton taxa exhibit a wide variety of responses, with some strains having higher fitness under projected future conditions, and others being negatively impacted. Previous studies have suggested that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the numerically dominant picophytoplankton in the oceans, have very different responses to elevated CO 2 that may result in a dramatic shift in their relative abundances in future oceans. Here we show that these two genera experience faster exponential growth rates under future CO 2 conditions, similar to most other cyanobacteria that have been studied. However, Prochlorococcus strains have significantly lower realized growth rates due to more extreme lag periods after exposure to fresh culture media. Surprisingly, however, Synechococcus was unable to outcompete Prochlorococcus in co-culture at elevated CO 2 . Under these conditions, Prochlorococcus' poor response to elevated CO 2 disappeared, and it showed negative frequency dependence in its relative fitness compared to Synechococcus, with a significant fitness advantage when it was initially rare. Moreover, both Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus had faster growth rates in co-culture with each other than either had in unialgal culture. We speculate that this negative frequency dependence is an outgrowth of reductive Black Queen evolution operating on both taxa that has resulted in a passively mutualistic relationship analogous to that connecting Prochlorococcus with the "helper" heterotrophic microbes in its environment.
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