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SUMMARYThis study demonstrates the extracellular deposition of particulate metallic fall-out accumulated in the lichen Caloptaca aiirantia with the aid of scanning and transmission electron microscopy and the application of energy dispersive X-ray analyses. The elemental composition of particles integrated in the lichen tissue was compared with the elemental composition of dust partieles collected from the surface of the lichen colonies.The different effect of heavy metals in particulate form or in solution, as reflected by lichen's tolerance or sensitivity, is discussed.

Summary The presence of free‐living Trebouxia and/or Pseudotrebouxia is documented. Several free‐living phycobionts were brought into culture and compared to the cultured Xanthoria parietina phycobiont. With the aid of both morphological and immunological criteria, we provide evidence that both the mycobiont and phycobiont of X. parietina can be found free‐living in nature. The potential for resynthesis between bionts under natural conditions is discussed.