Ap pli ca tion of pol lu tion in di ces for the spatiotemporal as sess ment of neg a tive im pact of a mu nic i pal land fill on ground wa ter (Tychy, south ern Po land). Geo log i cal Quar terly, 62 (3): 496-508, doi: 10.7306/gq.1420 As so ci ate ed i tor: Stanis³aw Wo³kowicz Risk as sess ment plays an es sen tial role in the pro tec tion of ground wa ter re sources, es pe cially in the re gions of po ten tial con tam i na tion sources. The pres ent re search was aimed at as sess ing the risk of ground wa ter con tam i na tion in the vi cin ity of the Tychy-Urbanowice mu nic i pal land fill sys tems (south ern Po land), us ing the con tam i na tion in dex tool. Ground wa ter samples from the Qua ter nary Aqui fer were col lected from 22 piezometers lo cated near the for mer land fill site (cur rently closed) and the new sealed land fill site dur ing a mon i tor ing pe riod from 1995 to 2015. Ex tremely high val ues (1700) of the ground water con tam i na tion in dex were ob served in a piezometer that cap tures wa ter be neath the aban doned land fill. Very high in dex val ues (154 or 216) were also no ticed in piezometers lo cated in the ground wa ter out flow from the land fill site. Re sults of in terpo la tion for in di vid ual piezometers, which cap ture only the up per or lower part of an aqui fer, are un rep re sen ta tive. The in terpo la tion for the mean val ues of the con tam i na tion in dex in creased the ground wa ter risk as sess ment. Key words: hydrogeology, ground wa ter risk as sess ment, con tam i na tion in dex, mu nic i pal land fill site, Tychy-Urbanowice.
Es ti mat ing ground wa ter vul ner a bil ity to pol lu tion is based on the quan ti ta tive and qual i ta tive as sess ment of the de gree of expo sure to the pol lu tion. This ar ti cle at tempts to as sess ground wa ter vul ner a bil ity to pol lu tion in the area of a com plex of landfill sites lo cated in the sup ply area of one of the im por tant ground wa ter res er voirs in south ern Po land. Two dy namic leach ing tests and two static tests were car ried out on two dif fer ent sam ples of slag from one of the met al lur gi cal land fills dur ing var ious pe ri ods of stor age (15 year old waste and freshly de pos ited waste). Trans port equa tions were based on the data from a col umn ex per i ment. The advection-dis per sion equa tion for col umn leach ing was em ployed, which con firmed the sim u la tion pa ram e ters through ex per i men ta tion. The re sults of the leach ing tests on chlo rides showed that they are leached from the land fill over a pe riod of ~60-90 years from the mo ment of de pos it ing the waste. The seep age time for the Qua ter nary aqui fer is 1-7 years and, for the Tri as sic aqui fer, 5-40 years. The Backman's con tam i na tion in dex (1998) val ues ex ceeded 25, while a high threat to ground wa ter is ob served when the con tam i na tion in dex value equals 3. The use of all the afore men tioned meth ods de ter mined the most vul ner a ble area. Key words: vul ner a bil ity, leach ing tests, con tam i na tion in dex, land fills.
The lysimeter is most often defined as a box filled with soil with an intact structure for measuring the amount of infiltration and evapotranspiration in natural conditions. At the bottom of the device there is an outflow for atmospheric precipitation water infiltrating to a measuring container. Lysimeter studies are included in the group of dynamic leaching tests in which the leaching solution is added in a specified volume over a specific period of time. Lysimeter studies find applications in, amongst others, agrotechnics, hydrogeology and geochemistry. Lysimeter tests may vary in terms of the type of soil used (anthropogenic soil, natural soil), sample size, leaching solution, duration of the research and the purpose for conducting it. Lysimeter experiments provide more accurate results for leaching tests compared with static leaching tests. Unlike several-day tests, they should last for at least a year. There are about 2,500 lysimeters installed in nearly 200 stations around Europe. The vast majority of these (84%) are non-weighing lysimeters. There are a few challenges for lysimeter research mostly connected with the construction of the lysimeter, estimating leaching results and calibrating numerical transport models with data obtained from lysimeters. This review is devoted to the analysis of the principal types of lysimeters described in the literature within the context of their application. The aim of this study is to highlight the role of lysimeters in leaching studies.
The size and chemical composition of leachates migrating into the aquifer are dependent on the parameters of the waste and the storage conditions. Lysimeter studies allow us to determine the size and chemical composition of leachates as well as the leachate water balance. Lysimeter studies were conducted on a 230-L municipal waste sample for 6 months. During the tests, the specific electrolyte conductivity, pH, Eh, and temperature, as well as the chemical composition, microbiological analysis, and profiling of physiological population level using EcoPlate™ microarrays were measured in collected leachate samples. During the entire experiment, the amounts of inflow and outflow from lysimeters were measured. To assess the existence of significant differences in the chemical component concentrations in leachates, use of Principal Component Analysis was taken into account. The maximum EC value from leachate from the lysimeter was 33 mS/cm. High concentrations of ammonium ion (up to approx. 1400 mg dm −3), chlorides (up to approx. 6800 mg dm −3), and iron (up to approx. 31 mg dm −3) were observed in the effluents. The number of enterococci in May reached 53,000 cells/100 ml. By contrast, the number of these microorganisms was about 15,000 and 16,000 CFU/100 ml in January and April, respectively. Community-level physiological profiling indicates that the activity and functional diversity of microorganisms were higher in the leachate samples obtained in winter compared to effluents collected from lysimeters in spring.
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