Technological advancements have made possible the emergence of Body Area Networks (BANs). There are numerous on-body channel characterizations in the literature performed on a phantom or a single human subject. In this paper, using multiple subjects, we consider the effect of body shape and gender on the on-body channel. A characterization of a narrowband on-body to on-body channel among different subjects is presented. The paper investigates the relationship between the propagation and the subject's physical characteristics. The investigation is performed at 2360 MHz; the new medical band undergoing FCC approval. Our results show that the path loss in women is less than that in men and the level of fade is usually higher in men than women. They also show that involuntary movements along with respiration cause small-scale fading that follows the Rice distribution
Abstract-Power control techniques for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks have already gained much attention. Such techniques are particularly attractive because they can improve various aspects of wireless network operation such as interference mitigation, spatial reuse in dense wireless deployments, topology control, and link quality enhancement. However, until recently implementing such advanced power control using off-the-shelf wireless devices was not considered possible. For example, Abdesslem et al.[1] stated that "many novel power control solutions cannot be efficiently implemented over existing IEEE 802.11 cards". However, in this paper we demonstrate that power control is now feasible and can be implemented in current IEEE 802.11 cards with per-packet granularity and low power switching latency.
The emerging area of body area networks (BAN) imposes challenging requirements on hardware and software to achieve the desired lifetimes for certain devices such as long term medical implants. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to the measurement and characterisation of the energy consumption of BAN devices. The approach uses a low cost energy auditing circuit and addresses the problem of accurately measuring low-level current consumption. This new technique will allow precise and analytical measurements of systems and components in terms of energy. This will help circuit designers minimise power consumption in BAN devices. Software engineers might use this approach to validate and optimise embedded code. Network engineers can optimise network parameters to reduce the power consumption of a single node. Adoption of the proposed technique will aid the development of ultra-low power wireless BANs. Results are presented on current characterisation for two wireless motes
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are gaining an increasing industry wide adoption. However, there remain major challenges such as network dimensioning and node placement especially in Built Environment Networks\ud (BENs). Decisions on the node placement, orientation, and the number of nodes to cover the area of interest are usually ad-hoc. Ray tracing tools are traditionally employed to predict RF signal propagation; however, such tools are primarily intended for outdoor environments. RF signal propagation varies greatly indoors due to building materials and infrastructure, obstacles, node placement, antenna orientation and human presence. Because of the complexity of signal prediction, these factors are usually ignored or given little\ud weight when such networks are analyzed. The paper’s results show the effects of the building size and layout, building materials, human presence and mobility on the signal propagation of a BEN. Additionally, they show that antenna radiation pattern is a key factor in the RF propagation performance, and appropriate device orientation and placement can improve the network reliability. Further, the RSS facility in RF transceivers can be exploited to detect the presence and motion of humans in the environment
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