Various methods for encapsulating enzymes in metal–organic frameworks are discussed and the catalytic activity of biocomposites prepared using these methods is highlighted.

The use of multiple chromophores as photosensitizers for catalysts involved in energy-demanding redox reactions is often complicated by electronic interactions between the chromophores. These interchromophore interactions can lead to processes, such as excimer formation and symmetry-breaking charge separation (SB-CS), that compete with efficient electron transfer to or from the catalyst. Here, two dimers of perylene bound either directly or through a xylyl spacer to a xanthene backbone were synthesized to probe the effects of interchromophore electronic coupling on excimer formation and SB-CS using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. Two time constants for excimer formation in the 1-25 ps range were observed in each dimer due to the presence of rotational isomers having different degrees of interchromophore coupling. In highly polar acetonitrile, SB-CS competes with excimer formation in the more weakly coupled isomers followed by charge recombination with τ = 72-85 ps to yield the excimer. The results of this study of perylene molecular dimers can inform the design of chromophore-catalyst systems for solar fuel production that utilize multiple perylene chromophores.

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Photodriven charge transfer dynamics are described for an atomic layer deposition-stabilized, organic dye-sensitized photocathode architecture that produces hydrogen.