Landing data are the most basic information used to manage fisheries, although they are often unavailable or incomplete. The objective of this work was to reconstruct the national database of marine commercial landings for the Brazilian industrial and artisanal fisheries, from 1950 to 2015. Total landings increased strongly from 1950 to mid-1980s and suffered sharp decline in the early 1990s, mainly associated to the collapse of sardine fisheries. After that, another period of increasing landings was observed, but at a much lower rate. Industrial landings always surpassed artisanal landings in Brazilian waters, except for the beginning of the time series, when many industrial fleets had not started yet, and in the early 2000s, when a change in the methodology for collecting landing statistics was implemented in the state of Pará leading to an overestimation of artisanal landings. Artisanal fisheries have been declining since 2005, which is worrisome due to the social impact it may have on local income and food security. Regional differences were also observed, with industrial landings being always higher than artisanal landings in southeastern-southern Brazil, while the opposite was true for the northern-northeastern regions. Higher landings were observed in the southeastern-southern regions when both artisanal and industrial fleets were combined. Sardine and demersal fishes were the main resources landed by industrial fishers. Artisanal fishers caught more species than their industrial counterpart, featuring Xiphopenaeus kroyeri, Cynoscion acoupa, and Ucides cordatus. Although the fishing of Epinephelus itajara was banned in Brazil, it continues to be landed. Yet, catches of this species and others under some threat status are still not properly registered, including: Carcharhinus longimanus, Galeorhinus galeus, Sphyrna lewini, Sphyrna mokarran, Pristis pectinata, and Pseudobatos horkelii. Fishing resources not identified in previous landing reconstruction efforts, such as sea urchins and sea cucumbers, have now been reported. The database presented here should be continuously updated and improved. It is of paramount importance to resume the collection of landing statistics, including information on fishing effort, to assess the relative impact of fisheries and environmental factors on the main Brazilian fishing stocks.
Census of fishing data about the landings carried out along the São Paulo coast during 2011 was used to evaluate and compare the survey sampling for fisheries monitoring, expecting reliable results along with an important cost reduction. Estimates of total catch for the São Paulo State as a whole and by municipality were relatively accurate (high precision and low bias). Estimated catch by month, by fish categories and both (factors not considered in the sampling design) demonstrated that, as the level of required detail increased, the catch estimates became more biased and less precise. However, when comparing to the 2011 true catches, the order of importance of fish categories based on estimated catches changed slightly in some positions after the fifth place. There was a minor cost reduction due to the sampling in comparison with the census methodology currently in use (15.4% at most). The results demonstrated that fisheries monitoring costs are directly proportional to the required level of details and data quality.
ABSTRACT. This study aimed to determine the different usage strategies of the marine environment by fishing fleets landing in São Paulo based on an analysis of the spatial distribution patterns indicated in 337,482 trips between 2010 and 2013. The sea region off the Brazilian coast between 23º00'S and 28º00'S (Southeastern Brazilian Bight) was divided into six depth strata. For each stratum, the number of trips, effective fishing days, catch and number of jobs were estimated. The stratum from 0 to 20 m depth had the highest frequency of trips and importance for the low-mobility fleets from which 33% of the total catch landed in the state was extracted. The higher mobility fleets were more represented starting at depths of 20 m. The stratum from 20-50 m had the largest catches, 52% of the total landings. The activity of the São Paulo fishing fleets, with low or high fishing power, was concentrated on the inner shelf. The region of the outer shelf and the continental shelf break are also frequently exploited by the higher mobility fleets, where the largest catches of demersal fish occur. The demersal and pelagic environments beyond the continental shelf break are rarely exploited and require the use of specific fishing gear. Keywords: spatial distribution, fishing fleet, fishing effort, socio-economics. Patrones espaciales de las flotas pesqueras en Southeastern Brazilian BightRESUMEN. El objetivo de este estudio es determinar las diferentes estrategias de uso de las áreas marinas por flotas pesqueras que llegan a São Paulo, basándose en un análisis de los patrones de distribución espacial de la actividad de 337.482 viajes realizados entre 2010 y 2013. La región de la costa brasileña entre 23 o 00'S y 28 o 00'S (Southeastern Brazilian Bight) fue dividida en seis estratos de profundidad. Para cada estrato se calculó la cantidad de viajes, días efectivos de pesca, captura y número de empleos, considerando a su vez tomando el arte o equipo de pesca y la municipalidad donde se desembarcaba la pesca. El estrato 0-20 m tuvo mayor frecuencia de viajes e importancia para aquellas flotas de movilidad baja, donde se extrae el 33% de la pesca que se desembarca en el Estado. A partir de 20 m de profundidad, las flotas de mayor movilidad estuvieron más representadas. En el estrato 20-50 m se obtuvo la mayor captura de peces (52%). La actividad de las diferentes flotas pesqueras de São Paulo, con alto o bajo poder de pesca, concentró sus operaciones en la plataforma continental interior. La región de la plataforma continental exterior y el borde continental también son frecuentemente explotados por flotas de alta movilidad, donde ocurre la mayor captura de peces demersales. Los ambientes demersales y pelágicos, que están más allá de la plataforma continental, rara vez son explotados y requieren el uso de artes y aparejos de pesca específicos. Palabras clave: distribución espacial, flota pesquera, esfuerzo de pesca, socio-economía.
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