Injury risk is an important concern for runners; however, limited evidence exists regarding changes to injury risk following running style retraining. Biomechanical factors, such as absolute peak free moment, knee abduction impulse, peak foot eversion and foot eversion excursion, have been shown to predict lower limb injury. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of Pose running retraining on biomechanical factors associated with lower limb running injury. Twenty uninjured recreational runners were pair-matched based on their five km run time performance and randomly assigned to control (n = 10) and intervention (three 2-h Pose running retraining sessions) groups (n = 10). Three dimensional kinetic and kinematic data were collected from all participants running at relative (REL: 1.5 km·h below respiratory compensation point) and absolute (ABS: 4.5 m·s) speeds. Biomechanical factors associated with lower limb injury, as well as selected kinematic variables (to aid interpretation), were assessed. Following a six-week, non-coached time-period, all assessments were repeated. No changes to the biomechanical factors associated with lower limb injury examined in this study were observed (P > .05). Intervention group participants (presented as pre- and post-intervention respectively) exhibited an increased foot strike index (REL speed: 21.79-42.66%; ES = 4.73; P = .012 and ABS speed: 22.38-46.98%; ES = 2.83; P = .008), reduced take-off distance (REL speed: -0.35 to -0.32 m; ES = 0.75; P = .012), increased knee flexion at initial contact (REL speed: -14.11 to -18.50°; ES = -0.88; P = .003), increased ankle dorsiflexion at terminal stance (REL speed: -33.61 to -28.35°; ES = 1.57; P = .036) and reduced stance time (ABS speed: 0.21-0.19 s; ES = -0.85; P = .018). Finally, five km run time did not change (22:04-22:19 min; ES = 0.07; P = .229). It was concluded that following Pose running retraining, retrained participants adopted a running style that was different to their normal style without changing specific, biomechanical factors associated with lower limb injury or compromising performance.
http://shura.shu.ac.uk Development of a test method for assessing laceration injury risk of individual cleats during game-relevant loading conditions Professional rugby union players experience an injury once every 10 matches, and up to 23% of these injuries are skin lacerations. Current regulations to assess laceration injury risk of cleated footwear involve two optional mechanical tests for manufacturers; a drop test and a pendulum test. However, there is limited rationale for these tests and associated impact parameters. A questionnaire among 191 rugby players showed that the ruck is the most prevalent game scenario in which skin laceration injuries occur. During the ruck, laceration injuries result from stamping movements by players wearing cleated footwear. A biomechanical study was conducted to obtain game-relevant impact parameters of stamping in the ruck. Eight participants were asked to perform ten stamps on an anthropomorphic test device. Kinetic and kinematic data were clusteredidentifying two distinct phases of the stamp motion-providing test parameters for mechanical assessment of skin laceration risk. A two-phase mechanical test was designed to quantify laceration injury risk of individual cleats. Phase one represents initial impact and phase two represents the subsequent raking motion as observed in the biomechanical study. Each phase is based on the impact parameters of observed stamping impacts. The developed test method has the potential to be adapted as an international standard for assessing laceration injury risk of cleated footwear. Future research is required to assess the repeatability of this method and its sensitivity to laceration injury.
BackgroundStudded footwear can cause severe lacerations in rugby union; the prevalence of these injuries is currently unknown.ObjectiveTo summarise the skin and laceration injury prevalence in published epidemiological studies and to investigate any differences in skin injury risk between amateur and professional players.DesignSystematic literature review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.Data sourcesPubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Ovid.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesProspective, epidemiological studies published in English after 1995, measuring a minimum of 400 match or 900 training exposure hours. Participants should be adult rugby union players (amateur or professional). The study should report a separate skin or laceration injury category and provide sufficient detail to calculate injury prevalence within this category.ResultsTwelve studies were included. Mean skin injury prevalence during matches was 2.4 injuries per 1000 exposure hours; during training sessions, the prevalence was 0.06 injuries per 1000 exposure hours. Skin injuries accounted for 5.3% of match injuries and 1.7% of training injuries. Skin injury risk was similar for amateur compared with professional players during matches (OR: 0.63, p=0.46.), but higher during training sessions (OR: 9.24, p=0.02).ConclusionsThe skin injury prevalence of 2.4 injuries per 1000 exposure hours is equivalent to one time-loss injury sustained during matches per team, per season. Amateur players are more likely to sustain skin injuries during training sessions than professional players. There is a need for more studies observing injuries among amateur players.Trial registration numberPROSPERO CRD42015024027.
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