ABSTRACT. With the objective of evaluating measures of milk yield persistency, 27,000 test-day milk yield records from 3362 first lactations of Brazilian Gyr cows that calved between 1990 and 2007 were analyzed with a random regression model. Random, additive genetic and permanent environmental effects were modeled using Legendre polynomials of order 4 and 5, respectively. Residual variance was modeled using five classes. The average lactation curve was modeled using a fourth-order Legendre polynomial. Heritability estimates for measures of persistency ranged from 0.10 to 0.25. Genetic correlations between measures of persistency and 305-day milk yield (Y305) ranged from -0.52 to 0.03. At high selection intensities for persistency measures and Y305, few animals were selected in common. As the selection intensity for the two traits decreased, a higher percentage of animals were selected in common. The average predicted breeding values for Y305 according to year of birth of the cows had a substantial annual genetic gain. In contrast, no improvement in the average persistency breeding value was observed. We conclude that selection for total milk yield during lactation does not identify bulls or cows that are genetically superior in terms of milk yield persistency. A measure of persistency represented by the sum of deviations of estimated breeding value for days 31 to 280 in relation to estimated breeding value for day 30 should be preferred in genetic evaluations of this trait in the Gyr breed, since this measure showed a medium heritability and a genetic correlation with 305-day milk yield close to zero. In addition, this measure is more adequate at the time of peak lactation, which occurs between days 25 and 30 after calving in this breed.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar funções de covariância para a produção de leite no dia do controle (PLDC). Foram analisados 27 mil registros de PLDC de 3.362 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Gir leiteira, paridas entre 1990 e 2007. As PLDC foram agrupadas em vinte classes quinzenais, analisadas por modelos de regressão aleatória, cujos efeitos aleatórios, genético-aditivo e de ambiente permanente foram modelados pelas funções de Wilmink (W) ou Ali & Schaeffer (AS). A modelagem da variância residual (VR) foi ajustada por meio de 1, 4, 6 ou 10 classes. As estimativas de herdabilidade para a PLDC variaram de 0,12 a 0,32, para a função AS, e de 0,09 a 0,33, para a função W, e foram maiores ao início da lactação. As correlações genéticas entre as PLDC decresceram de valores próximos à unidade, entre controles adjacentes, para valores negativos entre as PLDC da primeira e duas últimas quinzenas da lactação. O modelo que empregou a função AS com quatro classes de VR é uma opção parcimoniosa para o ajuste das PLDC de vacas Gir leiteira no Brasil.Termos para indexação: bovinos de leite, função paramétrica, inferência bayesiana, parâmetros genéticos. Covariance functions for test-day milk yield in Gir cattleAbstract -The objective of this work was to estimate covariance functions for test-day milk yield (TDMY). Twenty-seven thousand TDMY records of 3,362 first lactations of Gir cows calving between 1990 and 2007 were analyzed. The TDMY data were grouped in 20 biweekly classes, analyzed by random regression models, whose random, additive-genetic and permanent environment effects were fitted by Wilmink's (W) or Ali & Schaeffer's (AS) functions. The residual variance (VR) modelling was fitted by 1, 4, 6, or 10 classes. The heritability estimates for TDMY varied from 0.12 to 0.32 for the AS function, and from 0.09 to 0.33 for W function, and were larger in the begining of the lactation period. The genetic correlations decreased from near unity, among adjacent TDMY values, to negative values between the first and the two last quarters of lactation. The model using the AS function with four VR classes, is a parsimonious option for the TDMY fitting of Gir cows in Brazil.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar parâmetros genéticos relacionados a características morfológicas e suas correlações genéticas com a produção de leite, em vacas da raça Gir. Utilizaram-se 3.805 registros provenientes de 2.142 vacas. O modelo utilizado na análise de características morfológicas continha os efeitos fixos de rebanho, ano e estação de classificação, estádio da lactação e idade da vaca à classificação, além da identificação do classificador. Quanto à produção de leite, foram incluídos no modelo os efeitos fixos de rebanho, ano e estação de parição e idade da vaca ao parto. Os parâmetros genéticos foram obtidos por meio do aplicativo REMLF90. As estimativas de herdabilidade variaram de 0,09 a 0,54. A variabilidade genética aditiva da maioria das características é suficiente para que ganhos genéticos anuais significativos possam ser alcançados com o processo de seleção. As correlações genéticas entre as características morfológicas variaram de baixas a altas e, entre elas e a produção de leite, de baixas a moderadas. Altas correlações genéticas entre algumas características morfológicas implicam a possibilidade de exclusão de algumas delas do programa de melhoramento genético da raça Gir, no Brasil. As correlações genéticas entre produção de leite e algumas características morfológicas indicam que estas podem ser utilizadas na formação de índices de seleção.Termos para indexação: características de conformação, correlação genética, Gir leiteiro, índices de seleção, parâmetros genéticos. Relationship between morphological traits and milk yield in Gir breed cowsAbstract -The objective of this work was to determine genetic parameters related to morphological traits and their genetic correlation with milk yield of Gir breed cows. A total of 3,805 records from 2,142 cows was used. For morphological trait analysis, the used model included the herd fixed effects, classification year and season, lactation phase and animal age at evaluation, besides the classifier identification. For milk yield, the fixed herd effects, year and season of calving and cow age at calving were included in the model. The genetic parameters were estimated using the REMLF90 software. The heritability estimates varied from 0.09 to 0.54. The additive genetic variability of the majority of traits is sufficient to achieve significative annual genetic gain by selection practices. The genetic correlations among morphological traits varied from low to high and, between them and milk yield, from low to moderate. High genetic correlations among some morphological traits implies on the possibility of exclusion of some of them from the breeding program, for Gir breed in Brazil. The genetic correlations between milk yield and some morphological traits indicate that they may be used in the formation of selection indexes.
RESUMO -Com o objetivo de estimar parâmetros genéticos para a idade ao primeiro parto, perímetro escrotal e características do sêmen e avaliar a tendência genética da idade ao primeiro parto para animais da raça Gir Leiteira, foram analisadas medidas de 7.055 fêmeas e 97 machos de diversos rebanhos brasileiros. Os componentes de covariância foram estimados utilizando-se o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, sob modelo animal, em análises unicaracterísticas.O modelo para características do sêmen incluiu os efeitos fixos central-ano-época de coleta de sêmen, idade à coleta como covariável, efeitos linear e quadrático. Para o perímetro escrotal, foram incluídos os efeitos fixos de ano do nascimento, classe de idade à medição do perímetro e central de inseminação. Para idade ao primeiro parto, foram incluídos os efeitos fixos de rebanho-ano-estação de nascimento e os efeitos aleatórios de animal e residual. As herdabilidades para perímetro escrotal e idade ao primeiro parto foram, respectivamente, 0,37 e 0,22. A tendência genética da idade ao primeiro parto foi significativa, com valor estimado de -0,018 mês/ano, e mostra que praticamente não houve progresso genético nessa característica ao longo dos anos estudados. As correlações genéticas obtidas em análises bicaracterísticas entre perímetro escrotal com volume, concentração, vigor, motilidade, defeitos maiores, menores e totais, número de doses, número total Genetic parameters for reproductive traits of dairy Gyr breed males and femalesABSTRACT -This work aimed to estimate genetic parameters for age at first calving, scrotal circumference, and seminal traits, and to evaluate genetic trend for age at first calving for dairy Gyr breed animals by analyzing data of 7,055 females and 97 males from several Brazilian herds. Covariance components were estimated by using the restricted maximum likelihood method under animal model in univariate analyses. The model for seminal traits included the company-year-season of semen collection fixed effects, age at the collection as a covariate, linear and quadratic effects.For scrotal circumference, it was included year of birth, age class at measurement, and insemination company fixed effects.For age at first calving, it was included herd-year-season of birth fixed effects and animal and residual random effects.The heritabilities for scrotal circumference and age at first calving were, respectively, 0.37 and 0.22. The genetic trend of age at first calving was significant, with estimated value of -0.018 month/year and it shows that genetic progress in this trait practically did not occur over the studied years. The genetic correlations from bivariate analyses among scrotal circumference with volume, concentration, vigor, motility, major, minor, and total defects, number of doses, total number of feasible spermatozoid and age at first calving were 0. 33, 0.22, 0.91, 0.86, -0.07, -0.03, -0.04, 0.30, 0.23 and -0.37, respectively. These results suggest improvements in reproductive efficiency of females when they are used in...
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