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Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer and the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths. In Brazil, it is likewise the second most common cancer among men, second only to non-melanoma skin cancers.The aim of this consensus is to align different opinions and interpretations of the medical literature in a practical and patient-oriented approach. The first Brazilian Consensus on the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer was published in 2017, with the goal of reducing the heterogeneity of therapeutic conduct in Brazilian patients with metastatic prostate cancer. We acknowledge that in Brazil the incorporation of different technologies is a big challenge, especially in the Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), which allows for the disparity in the options available to patients treated in different institutions. In order to update the recommendations and to make them objective and easily accessible, once more a panel of specialists was formed in order to discuss and elaborate a new Brazilian Consensus on Advanced Prostate Cancer. This Consensus was written through a joint initiative of the Brazilian Society of Clinical Oncology (SBOC) and the Brazilian Society of Urology (SBU) to support the clinical decisions of physicians and other health professionals involved in the care of patients with prostate cancer.

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Rhabdomyosarcomas with areas reminiscent of adult type rhabdomyoma are rare and almost exclusive of pretreated tumors. We present a case of 17-year-old patient who sought medical assistance due to a right painless paratesticular mass. At gross examination, the paratesticular mass was a 5 cm tumor (embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma) with a discrete 2.0 cm grayish nodule at the periphery. At microscopy, smaller nodule showed large eosinophilic granular cells suggestive of adult type rhabdomyoma. These cells were strongly and diffusely positive for desmin and multifocally positive for myogenin. Focal neuronal and neural differentiations (NSE and GFAP expression) were also detected. Awareness of benign appearing intratumoral rhabdomyoma in rhabdomyosarcomas of paratestis/retroperitonium is of relevance. Such tumor heterogeneity may be a diagnostic pitfall especially in the scenario of needle biopsies and frozen section consultation.

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Background Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSSC) has some non-PHV associated precursos and lichen planus is not considered one of them. Case presentation A 78-year-old patient sought the urologist due to a history of erythema on glans for 12 months and growing mass for 6 months treated with different topical medications. Partial penectomy was performed with finding of squamous cell carcinoma usual / keratinizing type with invasion of glans (pT2) and presence of extensive differentiated PeIN in adjacent areas. Adjacent to PeIN areas, there was an inflammatory reaction typical of lichen planus. This lichenoid reaction was present in the periphery of the large mass and also in a separate hyperkeratotic plaque at the glans. No features of HPV infections or balanitis xerotica obliterans were detected on histologic analysis. Conclusion We report a case with rapid evolution (6 months) between inflammatory signs of penile disease to mass forming lesion. This report call attention to this potential association – describing the association with invasive squamous carcinoma. Treatment-resistant longstanding cases of lichen planus should be biopsied. Prospective studies of patients with penile lichen planus are warranted to evaluate the magnitude of the risk of progression to penile carcinoma.