-The objective of this work was to evaluate the root system distribution and the yield of 'Conilon' coffee (Coffea canephora) propagated by seeds or cuttings. The experiment was carried out with 2x1 m spacing, in an Oxisol with sandy clay loam texture. A randomized complete block design was used, following a 2x9x6 factorial arrangement, with two propagation methods (seeds and cuttings), nine sampling spacings (0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, 0.75, and 0.90 m between rows, and 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 between plants within rows), six soil depths (0.10-0.20, 0.20-0.30, 0.30-0.40, 0.40-0.50, and 0.50-0.60 m), and six replicates. Soil cores (27 cm 3 ) with roots were taken from 12 experimental units, 146 months after planting. The surface area of the root system and root diameter, length, and volume were assessed for 13 years and, then, correlated with grain yield. The highest fine root concentration occurred at the superficial soil layers. The variables used to characterize the root system did not differ between propagation methods. Moreover, no differences were observed for net photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO 2 concentrations, and instantaneous water-use efficiency in the leaves. Cutting-propagated plants were more productive than seed-propagated ones.Index terms: Coffea canephora, root diameter, root length, root volume, vegetative propagation. Distribuição do sistema radicular e produtividade do café 'Conilon' propagado por sementes ou estaquiaResumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a distribuição do sistema radicular do café 'Conilon' (Coffea canephora) propagado por sementes ou estaquia. O experimento foi realizado no espaçamento 2x1 m, em Latossolo com textura franco-argilo-arenosa. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 2x9x6, com dois métodos de propagação (semente e estaca), nove espaçamentos (0,15, 0,30, 0,45, 0,60, 0,75 e 0,90 m, nas entrelinhas, e 0,15, 0,30 e 0,45 entre plantas), seis profundidades (0,20, 0,30, 0,40, 0,,50 e 0,50-0,60 m) e seis repetições. Foram retirados monólitos (27 cm 3 ) de solo com raízes de 12 unidades experimentais, 146 meses após o plantio. A área superficial do sistema radicular bem como o diâmetro, o comprimento e o volume das raízes foram avaliados por 13 anos e correlacionados à produtividade de grãos. A maior concentração de raízes mais finas ocorreu nas camadas superficiais do solo. As variáveis utilizadas para caracterizar o sistema radicular não diferiram entre os métodos de propagação. Além disso, não se observaram diferenças quanto à taxa de assimilação fotossintética líquida de CO 2 , nem quanto à condutância estomática, às concentrações internas de CO 2 e à eficiência do uso da água nas folhas. Plantas propagadas por estaquia foram mais produtivas do que as propagadas por sementes.Termos para indexação: Coffea canephora, diâmetro de raízes, comprimento de raízes, volume de raízes, propagação vegetativa.
Diagnosing foliar nutritional status is essential for fertilizer recommendations and for the identification of nutrient imbalances. This study aimed to verify genetic diversity and establish mean standards (leaf nutrient contents; LNCs) and relationships among leaf nutrients (LNC relationships; LNCRs) in seven conilon coffee genotypes during both pre-flowering and bean-filling stages. Twenty crops from several cities in the northern region of Espírito Santo State, Brazil, with crop yield either equal to or greater than 100 bags per hectare (during two harvests) were assessed. A total of 140 samples were collected during each evaluation period for quantification of leaf nutrient contents (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and B). The Ward procedure, a hierarchical genetic clustering method, was used to quantify the genetic diversity among genotypes. To examine differences between the LNCs and LNCRs, F-and Scott-Knott tests were used. LNCs and LNCRs showed significant differences among the conilon coffee genotypes during the evaluation periods. Additionally, the 8V, 10V,and 12V genotypes exhibited the highest values for most of the nutrients, especially for N, P, and Cu. Therefore, the clustering method revealed genetic diversity among genotypes for standard leaf nutrient levels, implying that leaf diagnosis could be specific to each genotype and phenological stage.
RESUMO -O conhecimento da variabilidade genética e da relação entre diferentes acessos de aceroleira é importante para maximizar o uso dos recursos genéticos para futuros programas de melhoramento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a divergência genética entre 48 acessos de aceroleira, por meio de marcadores moleculares RAPD e características morfoagronômicas. Foram utilizados 25 iniciadores, possibilitando obter 108 marcadores, sendo observadas 92 marcas polimórficas. Os marcadores obtidos foram analisados, usando os métodos de otimização de Tocher e hierárquico UPGMA, que gerou um dendrograma utilizando o índice de Jaccard. Os resultados mostraram uma concordância parcial entre os métodos de agrupamentos estudados, com a formação de 14 grupos. Os acessos ACE 023 e ACE 033 foram os mais distintos, apresentando distância genética de 0,58. A análise comparativa dos agrupamentos revelou que os marcadores RAPD, associados com características morfoagronômicas, foram eficientes para a discriminação dos acessos e que houve uma variabilidade genética potencial para o programa de melhoramento genético e informações úteis, como a indicação de acessos promissores para avaliação clonal. Termos para indexação: polimorfismo; teor de ácido ascórbico; variabilidade genética. GENETIC DIVERSITY OF BARBADOS CHERRY (Malphigia emarginata D. C.), WITH RAPD MOLECULAR MARKERS AND MORPHO-AGRONOMICAL CHARACTERISTICSABSTRACT -The knowledge on genetic variability and the relationship among different Barbados cherry accesses is important to maximize the resources for the future genetic breeding. The objective of this work was to determine the genetic variability among 48 accessions of Barbados cherry evaluated using RAPD as DNA markers and morpho-agronomical characteristics. It was used 25 primers, making it possible to obtain 108 markers and to generate 92 different polymorphic products. The obtained markers were of analyzed by the method of Tocher and UPGMA what generated a dendrogram using the Jaccard index. There was a concordance among the studied methods with the formation of 14 groups. The accessions ACE 023 and ACE 033 were the most distinct, presenting a genetic dissimilarity of 0.58. The results allowed to us to conclude that RAPD marker associated with morpho-agronomical characteristics were efficient to discriminate the genetic relationship among the accessions of Barbados cherry and the divergent accessions should be useful in the use of genetic breeding and six of them were recommended for future clonal evaluation as varieties and clonal propagation.
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