Resumen: Este artículo analiza el papel de los procesos y actividades transnacionales para la integración y desarrollo socio-económico de Paraguay en el Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR). Elaborado dentro del marco teórico del campo del transnacionalismo, este trabajo, investiga los lazos forjados y mantenidos por personas con dos o más países. En particular, este trabajo enfoca en los procesos migratorios y prácticas transnacionales de personas que residieron en la región este de Paraguay en frontera con el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul en Brasil. Los procesos migratorios y prácticas transnacionales entre esa región fronteriza de Paraguay con el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, llevaron al desarrollo del concepto de transnacionalismo próximo. El argumento principal de este artículo, considerando dos factores esenciales, es que Paraguay desempeña un papel clave en los procesos presentados aquí como transnacionalismo próximo. El primero está relacionado con los procesos migratorios desde región este de Paraguay hacia la región sur del entonces estado de Mato Grosso en Brasil, ocurridos entre el fin de la Guerra contra la Triple Alianza (1864-1870) y la primera mitad del siglo XX, posteriormente ocurriendo cuando las políticas agrarias paraguayas atrajeron agricultores de Brasil, especialmente en las décadas de 1960 y 1970. El segundo factor está relacionado con la habilidad de las personas en fácilmente circular entre los dos países. El concepto transnacionalismo próximo es resultado de una etnografía multifocal realizada en la frontera entre Brasil y Paraguay, entre el 2013 y 2016, concluida en 2017. Palabras clave: Paraguay, Brasil, transnacionalismo, migración, frontera.Resumo: Este artigo analisa o papel dos processos e atividades transnacionais para a integração e desenvolvimento socioeconômico do Paraguai no Mercado Comum do Sul (MERCOSUL). Elaborado dentro do quadro teórico do campo do transnacionalismo, este trabalho investiga os laços forjados e mantidos por cidadãos com dois ou mais países. Em
In this article, three topics are interrelated: school desertion, poverty and migration. The situation in Mexico with respect to desertion and the relationship between this and several factors associated with poverty is presented. It is argued that scholastic desertion has an expanding effect which depends on the concurrence of two factors: disenchantment with schools and the "habitus" people adopt in cases of extreme poverty to assure their survival. In regard to the first of these factors, the normal course of schooling (the methods and the programs that are preferred in school) is critically analyzed and other indications that scholastic education is changing are examined. In regard to the second of these factors, the case of migrant Mexicans who go to the United States is examined. The results of a survey in Mexican junior high schools are reported and exploratory interviews were conducted with migrating Mexicans. The conclusions of other research carried out in Mexico dealing with scholastic desertion are also reconsidered.
The movement of people between places is far from being a new or isolated phenomenon and is happening more often than before. This is also the case for individuals who moved from Brazil and Paraguay. Based on the existing literature as well as on data gathered in the landless camp Antônio Irmão, also known locally as the ‘Brasiguaios landless camp’ in Itaquiraí in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, this article explains how their search for a piece of land in either Brazil and Paraguay influenced the formation of the Brasiguaios identities. First, I briefly approach the foundation of transnationalism scholarship, which guided my research. Next, I demonstrate how land policies in Brazil and Paraguay, aimed at developing their respective border regions, played a role in the migration of Brazilians to Paraguayan and then the return of a number of them to Brazil. Last, I share the narrative of individuals in the Brasiguaio landless camp in the pursuit of land in either country. At the core of my argument is that the Brasiguaio identities of this landless group result from their pursuit of land rather than from migration processes.
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