Sowing date and nitrogen (N) fertilisation modify the morpho-physiological characteristics of maize (Zea mays L.) plants, which can alter the yield. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of sowing date and N rate on the growth-pattern characteristics of maize hybrids with contrasting cycles, and the subsequent relationship with grain yield. Two experiments were set up in Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. Two maize hybrids (AG9025, super-early cycle; P30F53, early cycle), two sowing periods (early spring and late spring), and four rates of topdressed N (0, 150, 300 and 450 kg N ha−1) were tested. Plant height, leaf area index (LAI), and relative chlorophyll content (RCC) were evaluated. The increment in N rate increased plant height at the silking stage for early spring sowing, and had no effect for late spring sowing. Higher N rates increased plant height of P30F53 and did not affect plant height of AG9025. Increasing the N rate enhanced LAI and RCC at silking more sharply when maize was sown in early spring. Higher N rates resulted in increased RCC during grain-filling, as well as maintenance of LAI, factors that were strongly associated with grain yield, especially for early spring sowing with hybrid P30F53. This research shows that the use of increasing N rates is an adequate management strategy to increase maize grain yield when the crop is sown in early spring. When applied at this sowing time, N has greater effect on the elevation of LAI and RCC and their maintenance during grain filling.
Nitrogen use efficiency and grain yield of corn hybrids as affected by nitrogen rates and sowing dates in subtropical environment. Rev Bras Cienc Solo. 2022;46:e0210087.
The splitting of nitrogen side-dressing fertilization with the application of a nitrogen dose at maize tasseling may increase grain yield, mainly when the crop is sown at the most favorable date to achieve high productivity. This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of sowing date on the response of maize to the splitting of nitrogen side-dressing fertilization at different growth stages. Two sowing dates were tested: preferential (10/15/2015 and 09/20/2016) and late (12/5/2015 and 12/5/2016). Six nitrogen side-dressing management treatments were evaluated at each sowing date: control without N; complete nitrogen rate applied at phenological stages V5, V10 and VT; ½ N rate at V5 + ½ N rate at V10; and ⅓ N rate at V5 + ⅓ N rate at V10 + ⅓ N rate at VT. The N rate was equivalent to 300 kg ha-1. Grain yield ranged from 8.9 to 15.3 t ha-1 in Lages and from 7.4 to 16.4 t ha-1 in Atalanta. There were no significant differences in grain yield and agronomic efficiency of nitrogen use (AE) among the treatments with the entire N side-dressing fertilization at V5 and V10 and those when the nutrient was split into two or three times, regardless of sowing date. AE was higher when the crop was sown at the preferential sowing date than in the late sowing date, regardless of N side-dressing application. The splitting of nitrogen fertilization up to the crop tasseling did not increase maize grain yield or AE.
Soybean tolerance to defoliation at the beginning of pod formation as affected by plant density 1Soybean tolerance to defoliation may be affected by population density, as the plant population interferes with the crop leaf area index . This study aimed to evaluate the effect of defoliation at the beginning of pod formation on the agronomic performance of soybean at different plant densities. The experiment was conducted under field conditions in Campos Novos, SC, Brazil, during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 growing season. The experimental design was a randomized block in a split-plot arrangement. The main plot consisted of three densities (100,000, 300,000, and 500,000 plants ha -1 ), whereas the subplots consisted of the cultivar NA 5909 RG submitted to five defoliation levels (0, 16.6, 33.3, 50, and 66.6%). Grain yield ranged from 4,219 to 5,356 kg ha -1 in the 2016/2017 growing season and 3,732 to 5,186 kg ha -1 in the 2017/2018 growing season. Plant density did not interfere with the grain yield response to defoliation performed at the beginning of pod formation. The 16.6% defoliation increase grain yield by 7.5 and 5.6% relative to the control in 2016/ 2017 and 2017/2018 growing seasons, respectively. The soybean tolerate defoliation of up to 33.3% at R3 with no significant decrease in grain yield, regardless of the plant density.
A densidade de plantas é uma prática de manejo relevante para obtenção de altas produtividades na cultura da soja (Glycine max (L) Merrill). A tendência de diminuir a população de plantas é crescente devido ao alto custo das sementes. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico de diferentes cultivares de soja à redução na densidade de plantas no Planalto Norte Catarinense. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso dispostos em parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas principais foram avaliadas cinco cultivares: AS3590 IPRO, BMX Ativa RR, BMX Zeus IPRO, M5838 IPRO e NS5445 IPRO. Nas subparcelas foram avaliadas quatro densidades populacionais: 120.000 plantas ha-1, 160.000 plantas ha-1, 200.000 plantas ha-1 e a testemunha (densidade indicada pela detentora da cultivar). Foram realizadas avaliações de rendimento de grãos e seus componentes e os dados submetidos a análise de variância utilizando teste de F. Quando significativas, as médias dos efeitos principais foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, e em caso de interação, as médias foram comparadas por análise de regressão. Ambas as comparações foram ao nível de significância de 5%. A redução na população de plantas não afetou o número de vagens por área, o número de grãos por vagem, o índice de colheita e o rendimento de grãos. Por outro lado, a redução na densidade de plantas aumentou o número de vagens nos ramos e por planta. As cultivares de soja testadas suportaram reduções na população de plantas, sem afetar o rendimento de grãos e a produtividade. Desta maneira, a redução na densidade de plantas pode ser recomendada para a soja cultivada no Planalto Norte Catarinense.
Water deficiency reduces leaf expansion and photosynthetic efficiency, potentially reducing the ability to withstand leaf area (LA) loss. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of water restriction on soybean tolerance to defoliation in the vegetative and reproductive periods of development. Two experiments were conducted in a greenhouse located in Lages, Santa Catarina State Brazil, during the 2017/2018 growing season. Cultivar NA 5909 RG was subjected to three WR levels (none, moderate, and severe) and five defoliation levels (0, 17, 33, 50, and 67%). Defoliation occurred at the V6 stage in the first experiment and R3 in the second. WR occurred for 7 days after defoliation. LA at R2 and R5 after defoliation at V6 and R3 decreased by 27.5 and 64.6%, respectively, regardless of WR. LA between V6 and R2 was not influenced by WR or defoliation. Moderate or severe WR reduced plant ability to recover LA between R3 and R5. Severe WR decreased grain production by 22.2% in the vegetative period and 21.2% per plant in the reproductive period compared to that of the control, regardless of defoliation. The highest defoliation level reduced grain production per plant by 24.7 and 24.3% relative to the control at stages V6 and R3, respectively, regardless of WR. WR imposed at the vegetative and reproductive stages did not increase defoliation sensitivity.
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