Immunization with the tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis (Tdap) vaccine raises controversies on immunogenicity and possible antibody interference. We performed an experimental, double-blind, parallel group controlled clinical trial to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the Tdap vaccine in 204 pregnant women and their children and to determine its interference in antibody production. Pregnant women 18 to 38 y of age with 12 to 24 weeks gestation, a low obstetric risk, and without serious disease were randomly selected. The experimental group received 0.5 mL IM of Tdap and the control group normal saline. Six blood samples were drawn before and after solution application, and from the umbilical cord of the infants and at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Pertactin and Pertussis toxin antibodies and possible interference of maternal antibodies with the vaccine were determined.In the experimental group, antibodies against Bordetella pertussis pertactin (anti-PRN) (112 E/mL 95% CI 89.9-139.9) and antibodies against pertussis toxin (anti-PT) (24.0 E/mL, 95% CI 18.3-31.4) were elevated in the mother before vaccination. These were higher in the umbilical cord and descended in the infant at 2 months respectively). Anti-PT showed a delay in production. Tdap safety was confirmed with only mild local pain at 24 and 48 hours.Anti-PRN and anti-PT antibodies in the infant descend at 2 months of age. There is a delay in anti-PT in children of immunized mothers. Further studies are needed to elucidate its clinical significance.
The counseling and educational model applied in the intervention was effective to improve the metabolic control of diabetic patients in the experimental group. Self-care agency, adaptation, and barriers were predictors of self-care measures and level of HbA1c.
The study examined (a) experienced and novice volleyball players' ability to detect and use information from advance visual sources and (b) the differential availability of information from such advance sources for a variety of volleyball offensive plays. Experienced and novice volleyball players viewed film sequences simulating offensive attack patterns as observed by a defensive backcourt player preparing to intercept an impending spike. Sequences were presented with varying degrees of temporal information both prior to and after the offensive setter's initial contact with the ball. Results indicated that the time period of 167 msec prior to the setter's contact up to and including setter contact provided a rich source of usable information to the experienced player which was not utilized by the novice. In addition, the availability of visual cues at specific stages of the temporal sequencing was dependent on the type of offensive play being executed. These findings taken together highlight the importance of considering the interaction of visual information available from advance cue sources and the particular action being viewed.
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