In this communication we propose a calibration method for two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence (TALIF). It can be carried out without any addition or modification to the O atom TALIF set-up. It is based on the measurement of the collision quenching of the laser-excited state (3p 3 P 2 ) in a pure O 2 system in which a high dissociation degree can be achieved. Since the collision rate constant by O is largely lower than that by O 2 , the quenching rate can be correlated to the O density. The incertitude in this procedure is comparable to other calibration techniques. We have applied this method to the spatially resolved measurement of O atom density in an O 2 rf plasma jet.
Cold O 2 /NO supersonic expansions through an axisymmetric convergent-divergent nozzle into a low-pressure background gas have been investigated both experimentally and numerically. Temperature and density measurements have been carried out, using tracer NO in an O 2 main flow. NO two-dimensional rotational temperature and density flow field patterns in the jet behind the nozzle have been measured by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The spectroscopic investigations are complemented by static and impact pressure measurements along the jet centreline. Two nozzles with the same inner profile but with a short and long divergent section and small and large lip have been examined. Three experiments performed using these nozzles cover a wide range of regimes of underexpanded free jet flow, from highly oscillating multi-cycle structure to the regime with smooth deceleration of the issuing flow by the background gas. The numerical simulation of the whole flow field from the conditions in the stagnation chamber to those in the flooded space is performed in the framework of the full set of Navier-Stokes equations by employing a recently developed algorithm based on a staggered grid. The flow inside a long nozzle is shown to be strongly affected by the boundary layer, which leads to the degeneration of the isentropic core at the nozzle exit and transforms the jet regime from overexpanded for inviscid flow to underexpanded for a real flow. The model reproduces the experimental structures of the low-density free jet flow fairly well.
Abstract:The Volturno Plain is one of the largest alluvial plains of peninsular Italy, which is one of the most susceptible plains to coastal hazards. This area is characterized by both natural and human-induced subsidence. This present study is based on the post-processing, analysis and mapping of the available Persistent Scatterer interferometry datasets. The latter were derived from the combination of both ascending and descending orbits of three different radar satellite systems during an observation period of almost two decades (June 1992-September 2010). The main output of this study is a map of vertical deformation, which provides new insights into the areal variability of the ground deformation processes (subsidence/uplift) of Volturno plain over the last few decades. The vertical displacement values obtained by the post-processing of the interferometric data show that the Volturno river plain is characterized by significant subsidence in the central axial sectors and in the river mouth area. Moderate uplift is detected in the eastern part of the plain, whereas other sectors of the study area are characterized by moderate subsidence and/or stability. On the basis of the analyzed subsoil stratigraphy, we inferred that the subsidence recorded in the Volturno plain is mainly a consequence of a natural process related to the compaction of the fluvial and palustrine deposits that form the alluvial plain. The anthropic influences (e.g., water exploitation, urbanization) are substantially considered to be an additional factor that may enhance subsidence only locally. The uplift mapped in the eastern sector of the plain is related to the tectonic activity. The study of the subsidence in the Volturno plain is a valuable tool for river flood analyses and the assessment of the coastal inundation hazards and related risk mitigation.
An N 2 jet stream expanding from a radio-frequency discharge has been investigated by optical emission spectroscopy. The axial and lateral profiles of the expansion glow and the jet axial velocity have been measured by optical methods in order to infer the fluid-dynamic properties of the jet. The position of the shock wave is located at about 5 mm from the nozzle, and the stream velocity achieves a maximum of about 2 Mach in the supersonic region. Optical titration of N atoms and the analysis of emitting excited species N 2 (B 3 g and C 3 u ) have been carried out to monitor the active species in the jet stream and their energy content. The titration of N atoms by NO, injected in the subsonic region, monitored by N 2 first positive (11, 7) band, (0, 11) NO β and NO * 2 continuum emissions, has been examined. This latter emission has been found to give a reasonable estimation of the N density, which is in the range of about (0.1-0.2)% N 2 for a discharge power varying from 50 to 80 W. The N 2 first positive emission, NO β and γ bands, instead, are largely affected by the presence of the N 2 (A 3 u ) metastable and by the high velocity of the N stream. The analysis of B 3 g and C 3 u vibrational distributions shows the presence of a significant density of the N 2 (A 3 u ) metastable as well as a non-negligible presence in the expansion of hot electrons. A quasi-one-dimensional fluid-dynamic model of the expansion gives a rough account of the measured location of the shock wave and of the velocity and temperature axial profiles.
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