Baron von Richthofen (the Red Baron) arguably the most famous fighter pilot of all time painted his plane the vividest of red hues, making it visible and identifiable at great distance, showing an aggressive pronouncement of dominance to other pilots. Can colour affect aggression and performance and if so is it observable within team sports? This study explores the effect of red on sporting performances within a team sports arena, through empirical analysis of match results from the Australian Rugby League spanning a period of 30 years. While the descriptive analysis reports a positive relationship, the multivariate analysis provides some mixed results once you control for team effects. Thus, more evidence at the team level is required to better understand whether teams in red do enjoy greater success controlling explicitly in a multivariate analysis for many factors that simultaneously affect performance.Keywords: impact of team colours; red; (Australian) rugby league; team sports IntroductionBaron von Richthofen, Ferrari, Manchester United and the Chicago Bulls or Michael "Air" Jordan in particular have two common elements, a widely recognized level of skill and the colour red. In many urban myths teams wearing red are considered to be more dominant (win more) than any other colour. But why is this colour associated with this perception of greater skill and * with dominance and aggression in human societies, but also in the animal kingdom. It has been demonstrated that for male Stickleback fish, being shown a red object will always triggers an attack response.[3] The effects of aggression and dominance are not only observed among fish, but also higher order animals such as: reptiles, birds and primates.[4] Thus, one can assume that for aggressive competition colour can affect the outcome of sports contests. To some extent modern societies have ritualized identity, aggression and competition in the forms of sports.Sport is closely linked to the definition of competition in entomology, namely "the active 1 Anger has physical effects including raising the heart rate and blood pressure, often giving the face a red or ruddy complexion.2 demand by two or more of the same species or members of two or more species at the same trophic level for a common resource or requirement that is actually or potentially limiting".[5] In these ritualized competitions, team colours are used to signalize identity, membership and loyalty.Colour also plays an important role in the organization and functioning of societies. In India, the various castes are symbolized by different colours. Red symbolizes the Kashatriyas Caste, which is second in the social hierarchy below the Brahmans (white colour).[6] The traditional wedding colours in Egypt, Russia, the Orient and the Balkans are of red and yellow hues.Red has been fundamental in the development of human psychology. The development of human vision is progressive, such that the first colour that is recognisable by human children is red. Experiments have found that the order of colour p...

Abstract:This study investigates the citation patterns of theoretical and empirical papers over a period of almost 30 years, while also exploring the determinants of citation success. The results indicate that empirical papers attract more citation success than theoretical studies. However, the pattern over time is very similar with yearly mean citations peaking after around 4 years.Moreover, among empirical papers it appears that the cross-country studies are more successful than single country studies focusing on North America data or other regions. JEL Classification:A11, B40, C0, N01, Z0

The billionaires of the world attract significant attention from the media and the public. Surprisingly, only a limited number of studies have explored empirically the determinants of extraordinary wealth. Using a large dataset we investigate whether globalization and corruption affect extreme wealth accumulation. We find evidence that an increase in globalization increases super-affluence. In addition, we also find that an increase in corruption leads to an increase in the creation of super fortune. This supports the argument that in kleptocracies large sums are transferred into the hands of a small group of individuals. JEL Codes: D31, N30, P46

Abstract:This study investigates the citation patterns of theoretical and empirical papers over a period of almost 30 years, while also exploring the determinants of citation success. The results indicate that empirical papers attract more citation success than theoretical studies. However, the pattern over time is very similar with yearly mean citations peaking after around 4 years.Moreover, among empirical papers it appears that the cross-country studies are more successful than single country studies focusing on North America data or other regions. JEL Classification:A11, B40, C0, N01, Z0

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