Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are one of the main barriers in the water cycle as they limit the water reuse due to their adverse effects on humans and the ecosystem. Natural and/or engineered ecosystems, such as conventional wastewater treatment processes, are not designed to remove CECs and contribute to the bioaccumulation in organisms considering high volumes of treated water discharges. The adoption of innovative solutions to upgrade urban water cycle facilities has gained relevance for the removal of these substances from final effluents. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) show promising selective removal toward a wide range of CECs. However, this solution is still limited to lab/bench scale and needs to be critically analyzed and assessed for possible scale-up in real environment. Therefore, in this review, an overview of the fate and occurrence of CECs in wastewater is initially reported together with the state-of-the-art in adsorption mechanisms to remove these compounds. In the central part of the paper, an evaluation of MIPs synthesis and their status in removing CECs from water matrix are presented. An upscaling pathway of MIPs column from lab-to pilot-scale is given to be applied for enhanced CECs removal and safe water reuse in irrigation/fertigation. Finally, possible integrations of MIP columns to real wastewater treatment facilities is discussed and advantages and disadvantages of the potential solutions are addressed to enhance their sustainability.
Monoolein-based cubic
and hexagonal mesophases were investigated
as matrices for insulin loading, at low pH, as a function of temperature
and in the presence of increasing amounts of oleic acid, as a structural
stabilizer for the hexagonal phase. Synchrotron small angle X-ray
diffraction, rheological measurements, and attenuated total reflection-Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy were used to study the effects of
insulin loading on the lipid mesophases and of the effect of protein
confinement in the 2D- and 3D-lipid matrix water channels on its stability
and unfolding behavior. We found that insulin encapsulation has only
little effects both on the mesophase structures and on the viscoelastic
properties of lipid systems, whereas protein confinement affects the
response of the secondary structure of insulin to thermal changes
in a different manner according to the specific mesophase: in the
cubic structure, the unfolding toward an unordered structure is favored,
while the prevalence of parallel β-sheets, and nuclei for fibril
formation, is observed in hexagonal structures.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.