Aldehyde oxidase was purified to homogeneity from bovine liver and primary structural information obtained by sequencing a series of cleavage peptides permitted the cloning of the corresponding cDNA. The cDNA is 4,630 base pairs long, and it consists of a 102-base pair 5'-untranslated region followed by a 4017-base pair coding region and a 511-base pair 3'-untranslated region. The open reading frame predicts a 1339-amino acid polypeptide with a calculated molecular weight of 147,441, which is consistent with the size of the aldehyde oxidase monomeric subunit. The aldehyde oxidase polypeptide contains consensus sequences for iron-sulfur centers and a molybdopterin binding site. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA shows significant similarity with that of xanthine dehydrogenases from various sources. The primary structure of bovine aldehyde oxidase is remarkably similar (approximately 86%) to that of the translation product of a cDNA recently isolated by Wright et al. (Wright, R. M., Vaitaitis, G. M., Wilson, C. M., Repine, T. B., Terada, L. S., and Repine, J. E. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 10690-10694) and reported to represent human xanthine dehydrogenase. With the help of a monospecific antibody raised against the purified protein and the isolated cDNA, the tissue distribution of the bovine aldehyde oxidase protein and corresponding mRNA was determined. Aldehyde oxidase is expressed at high levels in liver, lung, and spleen, and, at a much lower level, in many other organs.
Abstract.A common precept of decision analysis under uncertainty is the choice of an action which maximizes the expected value of a utility function. Savage's (1954) axioms for subjective expected utility provide a normative foundation for this principle of choice. This paper shows that the same set of axioms implies that one should select an action which maximizes the probability of meeting an uncertain target. This suggests a new perspective and an alternate target-based language for decision analysis. We explore the implications and the advantages of this target-based approach for both individual and group decision-making. (2000): 91B06, 91B10, 90B50 Mathematics Subject Classification
We study a general preferential attachment and Pólya's urn model. At each step a new vertex is introduced, which can be connected to at most one existing vertex. If it is disconnected, it becomes a pioneer vertex. Given that it is not disconnected, it joins an existing pioneer vertex with probability proportional to a function of the degree of that vertex. This function is allowed to be vertex-dependent, and is called the reinforcement function. We prove that there can be at most three phases in this model, depending on the behavior of the reinforcement function. Consider the set whose elements are the vertices with cardinality tending a.s. to infinity. We prove that this set either is empty, or it has exactly one element, or it contains all the pioneer vertices. Moreover, we describe the phase transition in the case where the reinforcement function is the same for all vertices. Our results are general, and in particular we are not assuming monotonicity of the reinforcement function.Finally, consider the regime where exactly one vertex has a degree diverging to infinity. We give a lower bound for the probability that a given vertex ends up being the leading one, that is, its degree diverges to infinity. Our proofs rely on a generalization of the Rubin construction given for edge-reinforced random walks, and on a Brownian motion embedding.
Agent-based models of market dynamics must strike a compromise between the structural assumptions that represent the trading mechanism and the behavioural assumptions that describe the rules by which traders make their decisions. We present a structurally detailed model of an order-driven stock market and show that a minimal set of behavioural assumptions suffices to generate a leptokurtic distribution of short-term log-returns. This result supports the conjecture that the emergence of some statistical properties of financial time series is due to the microstructure of stock markets.
Uniform-price auctions of a divisible good in ÿxed supply admit underpricing equilibria, where bidders submit high inframarginal bids to prevent competition on prices. The seller can obstruct this behavior by tilting her supply schedule and making the amount of divisible good on o er change endogenously with its (uniform) price. Precommitting to an increasing supply curve is a strategic instrument to reward aggressive bidding and enhance expected revenue. A ÿxed supply may not be optimal even when accounting for the cost to the seller of issuing a quantity di erent from her target supply.
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