This paper reports on the maturity pattern and the estimation of length at sexual maturity for Aristaeomorpha foliacea females, based on two years of seasonal research trawl surveys. Two approaches were used: gonadic condition (empirical scale) and presence/absence of spermatophores. Ready-to-spawn females (IV stage) occurred almost exclusively in summer throughout the area surveyed. Distribution of the proportion of "mature" (III + IV stages) females showed the classic "sigmoid" shape but with a general failure to attain 100% maturity, even though in the largest size classes there is substantial inter-year variability. The presence of spermatophorcs, however, being a sign of adulthood, with almost all the medium/large specimens positive, showed a better approximation to the sigmoid curve. An attempt to combine the two curves, in order to more precisely identify the length at maturity, is illustrated and discussed. The logistic model has been chosen in a form that allows the asymptote to be < 1. The maximum reproductive potential is defined as the point of intersection of the two curves (spermatophores and maturity). This maximum is reached after about 18 months, at a carapace length of 40 mm.
The report contextualises the role of data analytics in the ongoing digital revolution and its potential for SME performance, including for enhancing SME productivity. It presents evidence on the use of data analytics in SMEs, discusses main internal and external barriers to the use of data analytics by SMEs, and illustrates policy approaches to foster data-driven decision-making in SMEs.
The OECD is a multidisciplinary intergovernmental organisation of 36 member countries which engages in its work an increasing number of non-members from all regions of the world. The Organisation's core mission today is to help governments work together towards a stronger, cleaner, fairer global economy. Through its network of 250 specialised committees and working groups, the OECD provides a setting where governments compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice, and coordinate domestic and international policies. More information available: www.oecd.org. ABOUT THE SMEs AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP PAPERS The series provides comparative evidence and analysis on SME and entrepreneurship performance and trends and on a broad range of policy areas, including SME financing, innovation, productivity, skills, internationalisation, and others. This paper is published under the responsibility of the Committee on Industry, Innovation and Entrepreneurship and the Working Party on SMEs and Entrepreneurship of the OECD (CFE/SME(2019)6/REV1), December 2019). This study has been conducted by the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities (CFE) at the request of the Small and Medium Business Agency (SMBA) of the Ministry of Economy and Industry of Israel and of Digital Israel National Bureau. OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed are those of the author(s). This paper is authorised for publication by Lamia Kamal-Chaoui, Director, Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities, OECD. This document, as well as any statistical data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
Determining the genetic population structure and intraspecific evolution of species is important for efficient management. Here we investigated 394 sequences of the mtDNA cyt b of the critically endangered European eel, Anguilla anguilla. We found 62 different haplotypes, among which 32 novel ones. All those sequences were grouped into 9 haplogroups on the basis of their frequency and links in the haplotype network. Two pairwise comparisons revealed significant genetic differentiation between regions. One comparison indicated small (F ST = 0.02768; P = 0.0071) genetic differentiation between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. Another comparison indicated small (F ST = 0.01144; P = 0.0440) genetic differentiation between eel samples caught in the Baltic Sea, the Curonian Lagoon and the Gulf of Riga and those captured in the North Sea. The results of the study are in agreement with the recent findings obtained using the mtDNA D-loop region as a molecular marker, indicating that although A. anguilla is considered a panmictic species the genetic structure of its population indicated by mtDNA markers could be characterized as a genetic mosaic.
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