The discovery that melting sea ice can fertilize iron (Fe)-depleted polar waters has recently fostered trace metal research efforts in sea ice. The aim of this review is to summarize and synthesize the current understanding of Fe biogeochemistry in sea ice. To do so, we compiled available data on particulate, dissolved, and total dissolvable Fe (PFe, DFe and TDFe, respectively) from sea-ice studies from both polar regions and from sub-Arctic and northern Hemisphere temperate areas. Data analysis focused on a circum-Antarctic Fe dataset derived from 61 ice cores collected during 10 field expeditions carried out between 1997 and 2012 in the Southern Ocean. Our key findings are that 1) concentrations of all forms of Fe (PFe, DFe, TDFe) are at least a magnitude larger in fast ice and pack ice than in typical Antarctic surface waters; 2) DFe, PFe and TDFe behave differently when plotted against sea-ice salinity, suggesting that their distributions in sea ice are driven by distinct, spatially and temporally decoupled processes; 3) DFe is actively extracted from seawater into growing sea ice; 4) fast ice generally has more Fe-bearing particles, a finding supported by the significant negative correlation observed between both PFe and TDFe concentrations in sea ice and water depth; 5) the Fe pool in sea ice is coupled to biota, as indicated by the positive correlations of PFe and TDFe with chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon; and 6) the vast majority of DFe appears to be adsorbed onto something in sea ice. This review also addresses the role of sea ice as a reservoir of Fe and its role in seeding seasonally ice-covered waters. We discuss the pivotal role of organic ligands in controlling DFe concentrations in sea ice and highlight the uncertainties that remain regarding the mechanisms of Fe incorporation in sea ice.

Abstract:In an attempt to clarify the release of trace elements from the seasonal coastal sea ice, samples were periodically collected in a nearshore station inside the Gerlache Inlet (Terra Nova Bay, Western Ross Sea), during the summer 2000/01 and analysed for dissolved and particulate cadmium, copper, iron, manganese and lead, as well as salinity, suspended particulate matter, nutrients and phytoplankton pigments. In order to provide insight on the metal association with the particles included in the sea ice, the metal solid speciation was also investigated. Both vertical distributions within the ice cores and temporal variations at the seawater interface were studied, in an effort to fully characterize the system and correlation among the considered parameters. Concentrations and speciation patterns clearly indicate metal incorporation within the annual sea ice due to resuspension of sediments, followed by release of particulate metals during melting as a primary process affecting trace metal availability in the Antarctic coastal waters.

Daily PM10 aerosol samples were collected at the Gruvebadet observatory, Ny-Å lesund (Svalbard Islands), during the spring-summer 2014 Italian Arctic Campaign. A total of 136 samples were analysed for ion (inorganic anions and cations, selected organic anions) composition aiming to evaluate the seasonal pattern of sulfate, as a key component of the Arctic haze. Ionic balances indicated a strong sulfate seasonality with mean spring concentration about 1.5 times higher than that measured in summer. The spring and summer aerosol was almost neutral, indicating that ammonia was the major neutralizing agent for atmospheric acidic species. The linear regression between sulfate from potential acidic sources (non-sea salt sulfate and non-crustal sulfate) and ammonium indicated that the mean sulfate/ammonium ratio was intermediate between semi-(NH 4 HSO 4 ) and complete ((NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 ) neutralization. Using sea-salt sodium as sea-spray marker, non-sea-salt calcium as crustal marker and methanesulfonic acid as biogenic marker, a detailed source apportionment for sulfate was carried out. The anthropogenic input (calculated as the differences between total sulfate and the sum of sea-salt, crustal and biogenic contributes) was found to be the most relevant -016-0517-7 contribution to the sulfate budget in the Ny-Å lesund aerosol in summer and, especially, in spring. In this last season, crustal, sea-salt, biogenic and anthropogenic sources accounted for 3.3, 12.0, 11.5 and 74.8 %, respectively.

Historical sea ice core chlorophyll‐a (Chla) data are used to describe the seasonal, regional, and vertical distribution of ice algal biomass in Antarctic landfast sea ice. The analyses are based on the Antarctic Fast Ice Algae Chlorophyll‐a data set, a compilation of currently available sea ice Chla data from landfast sea ice cores collected at circum‐Antarctic nearshore locations between 1970 and 2015. Ice cores were typically sampled from thermodynamically grown first‐year ice and have thin snow depths (mean = 0.052 ± 0.097 m). The data set comprises 888 ice cores, including 404 full vertical profile cores. Integrated ice algal Chla biomass (range: <0.1–219.9 mg/m2, median = 4.4 mg/m2, interquartile range = 9.9 mg/m2) peaks in late spring and shows elevated levels in autumn. The seasonal Chla development is consistent with the current understanding of physical drivers of ice algal biomass, including the seasonal cycle of irradiance and surface temperatures driving landfast sea ice growth and melt. Landfast ice regions with reported platelet ice formation show maximum ice algal biomass. Ice algal communities in the lowermost third of the ice cores dominate integrated Chla concentrations during most of the year, but internal and surface communities are important, particularly in winter. Through comparison of biomass estimates based on different sea ice sampling strategies, that is, analysis of full cores versus bottom‐ice section sampling, we identify biases in common sampling approaches and provide recommendations for future survey programs: for example, the need to sample fast ice over its entire thickness and to measure auxiliary physicochemical parameters.

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A systematic procedure for the selection of optimal internal standards in ICP-OES has been developed. According to the procedure, a preliminary set of measurements is performed before analysis and processing by principal component analysis. The result is a plot (score plot) in which the emission lines of analytes and potential internal standards are grouped according to their empirical behaviour with respect to the considered matrix. The analysis of the score plot makes it possible to choose the optimal reference line, for each analytical line or group of analytical lines. In order to verify the efficiency of the method, trace element determination in marine sediments was considered and the procedure applied to compensate for the matrix effects due to large amounts of iron, aluminium, calcium, sodium and potassium. A robust axially viewed ICP with multichannel detection based on a coupled charge device was used in order to provide real-time internal standardization and to permit the simultaneous measurement of several emission lines. By the analyses of both synthetic and real samples, it was verified that the proposed procedure is suitable for choosing the optimal reference lines, allowing the full effectiveness of the internal standard method.