Peatlands are globally known as major deposits of fresh water and carbon, affecting the planet's weather and local hydrology; for bearing unique plant and animal species, contributing to biodiversity; and because they represent a major economic resource to humanity. Peatlands are dominated by plants forming dense populations, especially Sphagnum moss and vascular plants belonging to the Cyperaceae and Juncaceae. They present high water table levels and a deep organic matter layer (peat) below the living layer of plants. The use of fire and logging to clear forests in poor drainage soils have generated a kind of ecosystem similar to peatlands, dominated by Sphagnum moss, where peat accumulation is very low or absent (anthropogenic peatlands or "pomponales"). Compared with natural peatlands, they share the presence of Sphagnum, but they are very different in the use human beings give to them. While natural peatlands are used for peat extraction, anthropogenic peatlands are harvested for the superficial layer of living moss. The ecological consequences after both extractive activities are also different. The aim of this work is to compare the floristic composition and water table levels between natural and anthropogenic peatlands. We sampled natural and anthropogenic peatlands with and without Sphagnum extraction. We registered 74 taxa (eight lichens, 19 bryophytes and 47 vascular plants). Differences in floristic composition allow us to distinguish between natural and anthropogenic peatlands. Water table levels also differ between study sites, being less superficial in natural and anthropogenic peatlands without moss extraction. The hydrological alterations after peatland exploitation would bring serious ecological consequences to Chiloé island, since its only source of water comes from rainfall and is stored in these large reservoirs called peatlands.
RESUMENLa Estación Biológica Senda Darwin (EBSD) constituye un centro de investigación inmerso en el paisaje rural del norte de la Isla de Chiloé (42º S), donde fragmentos del bosque siempreverde original coexisten con praderas de uso ganadero, turberas de Sphagnum, matorrales sucesionales, plantaciones de Eucalyptus y otras formaciones de origen antropogénico. Desde 1994 hemos realizado estudios de largo plazo centrados en algunas especies de plantas (e.g., Pilgerodendron uviferum D. Don) y animales (e.g., Aphrastura spinicauda Gmelin, Dromiciops gliroides [Thomas]) catalogados como amenazados o escasamente conocidos y en ecosistemas nativos de importancia regional y global (e.g., turberas de Sphagnum, bosque Valdiviano y Nordpatagónico). Las investigaciones han considerado las respuestas de las especies y de los ecosistemas frente al cambio antropogénico del paisaje y cambio climático, así como los efectos de diferentes formas de manejo. Este escenario es semejante al de otras regiones de Chile y Latinoamérica lo que da generalidad a nuestros resultados y modelos. En este período, investigadores asociados a la EBSD han producido más de un centenar de publicaciones en revistas nacionales e internacionales y 30 tesis de pre y postgrado. Entendiendo el papel clave de los seres humanos en los procesos ecológicos de la zona rural, la EBSD ha desarrollado un programa de educación ecológica y vinculación del avance científico con la sociedad local y nacional. La integración de la EBSD a la naciente red de Sitios de Estudios Socio-Ecológicos de Largo Plazo en Chile consolidará y fortalecerá la investigación básica y aplicada que realizamos para proyectarla hacia la siguiente década. and animals (e.g., Aphrastura spinicauda, Dromiciops glirioides) that are considered threatened, poorly known or important for their ecological functions in local ecosystems, and on ecosystems of regional and global relevance (e.g., Sphagnum bogs, North Patagonian and Valdivian rain forests). Research has assessed the responses of species and ecosystems to anthropogenic land-use change, climate change, and the impact of management. During this period, more than 100 scientific publications in national and international journals, and 30 theses (graduate and undergraduate) have been produced by scientists and students associated with SDBS. Because of our understanding of the key role that humans play in ecological processes at this agricultural frontier, since the establishment of SDBS we have been committed to creative research on the communication of science to society and ecological education. The integration of SDBS to the nascent Chilean network of long-term socio-ecological research will consolidate and strengthen basic and applied research to project our work into the next decade.Key words: biodiversity, education, long-term socio-ecological research, private protected area, temperate rainforests. INTRODUCCIÓNLos bosques templados del sur de Sudamérica, distribuidos entre los 35° y 55º S en el margen occidental del continente, se carac...
An ethanol extract prepared from the gametophyte Chilean native moss Sphagnum magellanicum was dried out, weighed and dissolved in distilled water. This extract was then assayed for its antibacterial activity against the G(-) bacteria Azotobacter vinelandii, Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Vibrio cholerae, and the G(+) bacteria Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, and Streptococcus type β. The growth of the cultures of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, and V. cholerae was inhibited at a concentration of 581μg/ml of extract, while the cultures of E. coli, S. typhi and Streptococcus type β were inhibited at a concentration of 1.16 μg/mL of extract. The concentration of phenolic compounds was 4.294 mg/mL; the presence of vanillic, chlorogenic, syringic, caffeic, gallic, 3-4 hydrozybenzoic, p-coumaric and salicylic acids was identified using RP-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography.
ResumenSe realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la densidad básica de la madera de diversas especies con énfasis en especies maderables en Mé-xico por tipo de cobertura vegetal. Los ecosistemas y las especies incluidas están basados en la clasificación de la vegetación de México elaborada por J. Rzedowski (1978) que, si bien es vigente, es necesario tomar en cuenta que hay nuevos avances en la identificación taxonómica y/o reclasificación. Se proporciona la densidad de la madera para 636 especies y se identifican 738 especies sin información. Asimismo, se proporcionan los datos de la densidad máxima y mínima por tipo de ecosistema y el listado correspondiente de la densidad por especie (sp.), por tipo de ecosistema. El conocimiento de la densidad de la madera, no solo permite darle un mejor uso como recurso natural, sino que adquiere relevancia en la conversión del volumen de las existencias reales (m 3 ) a biomasa (t) y en particular para la estimación del contenido, captura o secuestro de carbono (C). Para esto último, el contar con el valor de la densidad de la madera, permite hacer estimaciones más precisas (de la biomasa y de las concentraciones de carbono). Este hecho ha tomado relevancia ante el mercado del secuestro de carbono como medida de conservación de la cobertura vegetal, el pago por servicios ambientales, en particular como estrategia en la mitigación del cambio climático y para los inventarios de emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y MRV (monitoreo, reporte y verificación) de proyectos REDD (reducción de emisiones por deforestación y degradación evitada).Palabras clave: biomasa, captura de carbono, ecosistema, recurso natural, reservorios de carbono y cambio climático, servicios ambientales. AbstRActWe conducted a literature review of the basic density of diverse species focused on timber species in Mexico by vegetation cover type. Ecosystems and species included are based on the classification of the vegetation of Mexico prepared by J. Rzedowski (1978) that even tough it is still considered the primary source of information on vegetation types, it is necessary to take into account that there are new developments in the taxonomic identification and/or reclassification. Whereupon, we list here the wood density values for 611 species and 785 species are identified as without information at the time. Also, we provide data of minimum and maximum values of density by ecosystem type, and the list corresponding to density by specie (sp.), and by ecosystem type. The knowledge of wood density, not only allows the better use of wood as a natural resource, but it becomes important in the conversion of real stock volume (m 3 ) to biomass (t) and in particular to estimate the content, capture or carbon sequestration, where, by having the value of wood density, allows more accurate estimates (biomass and carbon concentrations). This fact has gained importance to the carbon sequestration market as a conservation measure of plant cover, payment for environmental services, in particular as a strategy for ...
Increased droughts due to regional shifts in temperature and rainfall regimes are likely to affect forests in temperate regions in the coming decades. To assess their consequences for forest dynamics, we need predictive tools that couple hydrologic processes, soil moisture dynamics and plant productivity. Here, we developed and tested a dynamic forest model that predicts the hydrologic balance of North Patagonian rainforests on Chiloé Island, in temperate South America (42°S). The model incorporates the dynamic linkages between changing rainfall regimes, soil moisture and individual tree growth. Declining rainfall, as predicted for the study area, should mean up to 50% less summer rain by year 2100. We analysed forest responses to increased drought using the model proposed focusing on changes in evapotranspiration, soil moisture and forest structure (above-ground biomass and basal area). We compared the responses of a young stand (YS, ca. 60 years-old) and an old-growth forest (OG, >500 years-old) in the same area. Based on detailed field measurements of water fluxes, the model provides a reliable account of the hydrologic balance of these evergreen, broad-leaved rainforests. We found higher evapotranspiration in OG than YS under current climate. Increasing drought predicted for this century can reduce evapotranspiration by 15% in the OG compared to current values. Drier climate will alter forest structure, leading to decreases in above ground biomass by 27% of the current value in OG. The model presented here can be used to assess the potential impacts of climate change on forest hydrology and other threats of global change on future forests such as fragmentation, introduction of exotic tree species, and changes in fire regimes. Our study expands the applicability of forest dynamics models in remote and hitherto overlooked regions of the world, such as southern temperate rainforests.
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