An alternative derivation is presented of the equation for the equilibrium contact angle between a gas, a liquid and a plane solid surface. The excess free energy of the system around the contact line is minimized with respect to the contact angle O0 at constant surface area. Thus the surface tension (or surface free energy) does not appear explicitly in the derivation, although it can be calculated from the theory.
Theoretical formulations previously put forward to account for the effect of multiple scattering in the measurement of gas‐liquid interfacial areas, at high AL values, are critically assessed. It is shown that inconsistencies arising from these can be satisfactorily resolved on the basis of the theory of Al Taweel et al. (1984) and experimental data available in the literature for the evaluation of the different parameters associated with the theory. An equation is proposed for the calculation of large gas‐liquid interfacial areas for AL ≤ 280 and excellent agreement between predicted and experimental values is demonstrated.
Hybrid rockfall barriers combine the energy absorption capabilities of a dynamic rockfall barrier with the reduced-maintenance advantages of drapery mesh. The aim of this innovative design is not to capture and stop the falling rocks, as the barriers tested according to ETAG 027 (EOTA 2008), but to contain the bounce of the rock and to drive it down the slope beneath the mesh draped down the slope face. Although this type of rockfall structure has already been applied worldwide, there is still a lack of knowledge in the design methodology. The purpose of this paper is to present a simplified model to design hybrid barriers based on the field experiences and research carried out by the Colorado Department of Transportation, "Colorado's full-scale field testing of rockfall attenuator system" (Arndt et al. 2009), giving designers a tool for sizing both the structure in elevation that the interception structure (net) and assessing the forces transmitted to the foundations. https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/1604_24_Cerro/ Hybrid rockfall barrier-new design methodology based on the Colorado full-scale test experience M Cerro et al.
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