Theoretical background, details of implementation, and validation results for a computational model for turbulent premixed gaseous combustion at high turbulent Reynolds numbers are presented. The model describes the combustion process in terms of a single transport equation for a progress variable; turbulent closure of the progress variable’s source term is based on a model for the turbulent flame speed. The latter is identified as a parameter of prime significance in premixed turbulent combustion and determined from theoretical considerations and scaling arguments, taking into account physico-chemical properties and local turbulent parameters of the combustible mixture. Specifically, phenomena like thickening, wrinkling, and straining of the flame front by the turbulent velocity field are considered, yielding a closed form expression for the turbulent flame speed that involves, e.g., speed, thickness, and critical gradient of a laminar flame, local turbulent length scale, and fluctuation intensity. This closure approach is very efficient and elegant, as it requires only one transport equation more than the non reacting flow case, and there is no need for costly evaluation of chemical source terms or integration over probability density functions. The model was implemented in a finite-volume-based computational fluid dynamics code and validated against detailed experimental data taken from a large-scale atmospheric gas turbine burner test stand. The predictions of the model compare well with the available experimental results. It has been observed that the model is significantly more robust and computationally efficient than other combustion models. This attribute makes the model particularly interesting for applications to large three-dimensional problems in complicated geometries.

Theoretical background, details of implementation and validation results of a computational model for turbulent premixed gaseous combustion at high turbulent Reynolds numbers are presented. The model describes the combustion process in terms of a single transport equation for a progress variable; closure of the progress variable’s source term is based on a model for the turbulent flame speed. The latter is identified as a parameter of prime significance in premixed turbulent combustion and is determined from theoretical considerations and scaling arguments, taking into account physico-chemical properties of the combustible mixture and local turbulent parameters. Specifically, phenomena like thickening, wrinkling and straining of the flame front by the turbulent velocity field are considered, yielding a closed form expression for the turbulent flame speed that involves, e.g., speed, thickness and critical gradient of a laminar flame, local turbulent length scale and fluctuation intensity. This closure approach is very efficient and elegant, as it requires only one transport equation more than the non-reacting flow case, and there is no need for costly evaluation of chemical source terms or integration over probability density functions. The model was implemented in a finite-volume based computational fluid dynamics code and validated against detailed experimental data taken from a large scale atmospheric gas turbine burner test stand. The predictions of the model compare well with the available experimental results. It has been observed that the model is significantly more robust and computationally efficient than other combustion models. This attribute makes the model particularly interesting for applications to large 3D problems in complicated geometries.

Experiments are presented for three turbulent boundary layers generated by laterally converging, laterally diverging and parallel flow on a flat plate. A converging potential flow field outside the boundary layer was generated by superposing a parallel flow in the x-direction, a row of equally spaced line sources in the wall-normal (y) direction and an analogous row of sinks in the transversal (z) direction. This arrangement resulted in a velocity that was constant far upstream, far downstream and along the x-axis. The convergence – ∂W/∂z has its maximum in the plane of the source and sink rows. This flow field was realized with the test section shown in figure 1, based on streamlines intersecting a rectangular cross-section far upstream. The diverging flow was generated by reversing the flow direction through the test section.The tests were conducted at about 42 m/s leading to a unit Reynolds number of 2.5 × 106/m and to a Reynolds number based on the momentum thickness of 4000 to 4700 at the inlet of the test sections, increasing up to 25000 at the outlet. In all three cases the velocity distribution near the wall agreed very well with the logarithmic law of the wall. The wake contribution in the outer layer was considerably increased by convergence and decreased by divergence. The Reynolds stresses, measured with crossed hot-wire probes, and the wall shear stress, measured with a floating-element balance, were generally increased by divergence and decreased by convergence and the same holds true for the mixing length and the turbulent viscosity.A finite-difference boundary-layer code using a simple turbulence model was used to predict the experimental results. The comparison showed good agreement for the two-dimensional flow, reasonable agreement for the diverging flow and poor agreement for the converging one. Use of the experimentally determined turbulent viscosity as input into the computation did not systematically improve the agreement but excellent agreement was found if it was combined with anisotropy of the turbulent viscosity. It was much more difficult to predict the converging flow as small errors in the crossflow had a large effect on the flow in the plane of symmetry (z = 0).

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The paper presents a systematic comparison of some widely used turbulence models with one another and with experiments. The mathematically simplest models applicable to three-dimensional steady, incompressible boundary layers are of primary interest. Besides the more widely used algebraic formulations, models using simplified transport equations for turbulence quantities, such as the Johnson-King model, are considered. These models are applied to a variety of well-established two-dimensional and three-dimensional test cases, for which accurate and reliable experimental data are available. To avoid differences associated with different numerical integration procedures, all models have been used with the same finite difference method especially developed for this purpose. This method solves the first-order boundary-layer equations written in terms of streamline coordinates. One broad conclusion of this study is that all models considered give reasonable predictions for the gross boundary-layer parameters, but important differences become apparent for certain local values. Specific recommendations for the choice of turbulence model in practical applications are included.

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Current regulations and operational safety requirements impose onerous constraints that make it difficult to be fulfilled by practical design of underground projects acceptable to all stakeholders. The ACUUS working group on fire safety of underground spaces intends to gather and share information on the ways how fire safety is taken into account and managed in different countries. This article presents the first work carried out within this working group. Regulatory contexts in France, Switzerland and Hong Kong SAR, China (Hong Kong) are presented, highlighting the current limitations. With their similarities and differences, the French, Swiss and Hong Kong contexts reveal a need to improve and to develop their respective regulations to allow pragmatic solutions without compromising fire safety. Underlying principles that condition fire safety requirements are defined in order to develop new approaches to overcome the aforementioned limits.