Introduction. The present study investigates the characteristics of the environmental factors that influence the structure of sport amongst young people; alongside this, the study also attempts to describe the influential role of parents in the development of sporting talent; finally, the study emphasizes the significance of parents' educational beliefs concerning the acquisition of life-long social skills through participation in sport in demanding competitive environments. Material and methods. 8 semi-structured interviews and 3 unstructured interviews were conducted among young people participating in a semi-professional club at national competitive level. A field diary was also collected. Results. Qualitative analysis revealed that: a) structural and organizational aspects, as well as the overall climate of the club, shape the behavior of young people in relation to social goals; b) parents play an important role as socializers in competitive environments; c) parents display a solid awareness of their own influence on the attitudes and behavior of young people. Conclusions. The findings highlight the important role of parents in sport participation in highly competitive environments. The study also shows contextual factors as predictors of the degree of youngsters' social and personal variables in performance levels. Implications for parental involvement in youth sport as well as future research directions are further discussed.

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A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença. Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra. Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso. A dimensão social de um clube desportivo de bairro nos subúrbios do Porto e percepção dos outros significantes na sua construção

A navegação consulta e descarregamento dos títulos inseridos nas Bibliotecas Digitais UC Digitalis, UC Pombalina e UC Impactum, pressupõem a aceitação plena e sem reservas dos Termos e Condições de Uso destas Bibliotecas Digitais, disponíveis em https://digitalis.uc.pt/pt-pt/termos. Conforme exposto nos referidos Termos e Condições de Uso, o descarregamento de títulos de acesso restrito requer uma licença válida de autorização devendo o utilizador aceder ao(s) documento(s) a partir de um endereço de IP da instituição detentora da supramencionada licença.Ao utilizador é apenas permitido o descarregamento para uso pessoal, pelo que o emprego do(s) título(s) descarregado(s) para outro fim, designadamente comercial, carece de autorização do respetivo autor ou editor da obra.Na medida em que todas as obras da UC Digitalis se encontram protegidas pelo Código do Direito de Autor e Direitos Conexos e demais legislação aplicável, toda a cópia, parcial ou total, deste documento, nos casos em que é legalmente admitida, deverá conter ou fazer-se acompanhar por este aviso.

This study attempts to explore sports participation, dominant relationships and contextual influences in a professional environment through the perspective of social actors within the club. Participant observation, semi-structured interviews alongside with a field diary were the instruments used to assess how the interpersonal context, competitive environment and the organisational structure impact on youth sports participation. This study has demonstrated a twofold reality, how weak organisation and good coaching create a climate that has direct implications on youth sports participation. Indeed, results show that youth competitive climate and the search for status recognition, desire and uncertainty of professionalisation are the main characteristics of this environment. Researchers also acknowledged the fact that the main relationships carried out in these environments are the coach-athlete dyad in a way to foster a more pronounced mastery climate. Coach and parents are important positive assets in talent development, as well as the overall organisation. Significant others perceive the athletes' competitive and professional disposition to train, to compete and to be in a constant search for sport performance. These results suggest new avenues of research in the way of youth sports talent management and the search for sports contextual change agents. Implications for applied practitioners and researchers are explored.

An estimated 50% of the general population suffers with shoulder pain at some point in their life and up to 50% of those individuals seek medical attention. A shoulder rehabilitation program must address both the mechanical and sensory functions of articular structures by incorporating a proprioceptive training element within the normal protocol. The objective of proprioception rehabilitation is to enhance cognitive appreciation of the respective joint relative to position and movement, and to enhance muscular stabilisation of the joint in the absence of structural restraints. If these objectives are properly addressed, the restoration of the proprioceptive mechanism will prevent further disability of the shoulder joint. The characteristics of closed chain exercises include greater compressive forces, joint congruency, decreased shear, stimulation of mechanoreceptors and enhanced dynamic stabilisation. The characteristics of open chain exercises are distraction and rotary forces, promotion of a stable base, joint mechanoreceptor deformation, concentric acceleration and eccentric deceleration and simulated function. There is a large base of literature that supports the conclusions that deficits in proprioception are linked to shoulder instabilities and more recently to osteoarthritis and impingement syndromes. The literature is not consistent in the definitions of shoulder instability which makes it difficult to categorise and research separate types of instability.

Researchers have found it difficult to calculate how many people suffer from rotator cuff tears as many tears are not reported or do not produce enough pain to be reported. There is an estimate of approximately 20–30% of the population (with some cadaver studies in the elderly suggesting a rate of 30%). The main reason for shoulder damage is simply due to correct length-tension relationships of the muscles surrounding the shoulders. A rotator cuff problem is a pain in the shoulder or upper arm, particularly when lifting the arm, lying on it or using the sore muscles. It is often the result of repetitive overuse of the arm and shoulder during a sport or activity or the result of a shoulder injury. A muscle tear commonly occurs due to an overstretching of the muscle to the point where the fibres tear (e.g. sudden overstretching or repetitive strain). The tear is commonly small (partial tear) but can be large to the point of rupture. Full-thickness rotator cuff tears in siblings are significantly more likely to progress over a period of five years than in a control population. This implies that genetic factors have a role, not only in the development but also in the progression of full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff (Muscles can also degenerate as we get older and lose a little of their elasticity which may make it more susceptible to a tear. The rotator cuff is a set of four muscles deep within the shoulder that have a high susceptibility to tear (see statistics below) compared to many others in the body. The most common muscle to tear in the shoulder is the supraspinatus muscle. An osteopath should be able to work around the whole shoulder joint, increasing range of movement and blood flow: they should also be able to detect areas of imbalance and weakness and address these accordingly. Diagnose any chronic instability within the shoulder joint (either due to overstretching or a previous dislocation). Instability is treated using massage and manipulation to build the support back up around the shoulder joint. The osteopath may also suggest some exercises to continue to build up your muscles around your shoulder.