Objective: Anterolateral approaches for proximal humerus osteosynthesis have great advantages because they allow direct exposure of the lateral aspect of the humerus without the muscular retraction seen in the deltopectoral approach. However, much resistance is found among surgeons due to the potential risk of iatrogenic injury to the axillary nerve. To identify the incidence of axillary nerve iatrogenic lesions and evaluate the functional results of proximal humerus osteosynthesis with locking plates using anterolateral approaches. Methods: The literature review followed the PRISMA protocol. Results: A total of 23 articles were selected from 786 patients submitted to anterolateral approaches. Three cases (0.38%) of iatrogenic axillary nerve lesions were confirmed. The results of the functional tests were similar to those of the deltopectoral approach. Conclusion: Anterolateral approaches are a viable and safe alternative for proximal humerus osteosynthesis with locking plate. Subacromial impingement was the most frequent complication. Level of Evidence II, Systematic Review.
Objective: To evaluate the results of displaced radial neck fractures in children trated surgically with flexible titanium intramedullary nails. Method: This is a retrospective study of five cases of radial neck fractures with displacement greater than 30° fixed with flexible intramedullary nails. Patients were evaluated regarding functional outcome through range of motion and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS), as well as radiographic exams. Results: Five patients, with a mean age of 8.4 years were assessed, during a mean post-operative follow up of 12.2 months. Open reduction was necessary in three cases with major displacement. At the end of the follow up, 80% of the patients had excellent results, 20% good results, and all fractures healed. As complications we observed: heterotopic ossification, superficial infection and radial head necrosis. Conclusions: In spite of the small sample, our results with flexible titanium intramedullary nails were similar to the current literature, with good functional outcomes. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Study.
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the functional outcome of patients with surgically treated terrible triad of the elbow. METHODS: A retrospective evaluation was performed using the MEPS score (Mayo Elbow Performance Score) of patients diagnosed with terrible triad of the elbow who underwent surgical treatment. RESULTS: 14 patients (nine men and five women) and 15 elbows (one bilateral case) were evaluated. A MEPS average score of 78 points and 86% good and excellent results was obtained. As complications, we had one case of infection and three of neuropraxia of the ulnar nerve. CONCLUSION: The patients had stable elbow with good function, however with reduced range of motion. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series.
Objective: To evaluate the choice of surgical approach among Brazilian orthopedists and whether shoulder surgery specialty training or duration of experience influences the decision-making. Methods: A questionnaire on the preferred approach and complications was administered to orthopedic surgeons with and without shoulder specialization training. The chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was applied. Results: We interviewed 114 orthopedists, 49 (43.0%) traumatologists, 36 (31.5%) specialist surgeons, and 29 (25%) shoulder surgery specialist residents. In cases of fracture without dislocation, specialized training and duration of experience did not influence the approach used (primarily deltopectoral). In cases of fracture/dislocation, 97.2% of the specialists versus 82.1% of the traumatologists opted for the deltopectoral approach (p = 0.034). In cases of fractures/dislocation, 92.5% of surgeons with more than 5 years of experience and 78.7% with less than 5 years of experience opted for the deltopectoral approach (p = 0.032). Conclusion: Specialization in shoulder surgery did not influence surgeons' approaches to manage fractures without dislocation. In cases of fracture/dislocation, shoulder surgery specialization training and duration of experience were associated with selection of the deltopectoral approach. Level of Evidence V, Expert opinion.
Mortality of patients after osteosynthesis of proximal humeral fractures (PHF) has been poorly studied in contrast to fractures of the proximal femur. Objective: To evaluate the mortality of older patients with PHF undergoing surgical treatment. Methods: Retrospective study of patients undergoing surgical treatment PHF between 2009-2019. Demographic data, Neer classification, and mortality of this cohort of patients were evaluated. Non-categorical variables were tested using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The unpaired t-test (parametric variables) was used. Categorical variables were tested by Fisher’s exact test. A Kaplan-Meier mortality curve was constructed. Results: 59 patients were evaluated. There was a predominance of females in the sixth decade of life. The most prevalent fractures were Neer’s type III. The highest mortality occurred in the first 4 years after surgery (4.1 + 3.2 years). The only comorbidity capable of changing the survival curve was DM (p = 0.03) Conclusion: Overall mortality was 11.3%. The highest mortality occurred in the first 4 years of follow-up. Diabetic patients evolve with earlier mortality and have 7 times more chance of death. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Study.
Most epidemiological studies do not exclusively address fractures treated surgically but include those with conservative treatment. In Brazil, few epidemiological studies address fractures prevalence undergoing surgical treatment. Objective: To assess the prevalence, demographics, and associated injuries of surgically treated humeral shaft fractures. Methods: A retrospective study between 2009 and 2019 with patients undergoing osteosynthesis of humeral shaft fracture. Categorical variables were assessed using Fisher’s chi-square or exact test, and non-categorical variables were assessed using the unpaired t-test. A significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: A total of 115 patients were evaluated. Mean age was 37.9 ± 15.6 years, with a male predominance (66.9%) due to car accidents. The most prevalent fracture type was 12 A3. Open fracture prevalence was 11.3%. Radial nerve damage prevalence was 33% and low-energy trauma was twice as likely. Conclusion: Surgically treated humeral shaft fractures were more prevalent in men, young, and related to high-energy trauma, with a transverse line pattern. Fractures secondary to low-energy trauma had a greater association with radial nerve injury. Level of Evidence III, Epidemiological, Retrospective Study.
Background: Proximal humeral fractures can progress to osteonecrosis of the humeral head. Hertel developed a binary classification system (12 subtypes) and demonstrated that pattern types 2, 9, 10, 11, and 12, or fracture extension of the posteromedial head less than or equal to 8 mm, or diaphysis deviation greater than 2 mm, are at greater risk for osteonecrosis. Few studies have evaluated the incidence of osteonecrosis after proximal humerus fractures were treated using osteosynthesis through the anterolateral approach. The objectives of this study were to correlate osteonecrosis predictors established by the Hertel classification with the risk for developing osteonecrosis and its incidence after osteosynthesis using the anterolateral approach. Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients who underwent osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures using an anterolateral approach. Patients were divided into two groups: high risk for necrosis (group 1) and low risk for necrosis (group 2) according to Hertel’s criteria. The overall prevalence of osteonecrosis and the prevalences in each group were calculated. A radiological examination was performed in the anteroposterior, scapular, and axillary views, before and after the operation (minimum 1 year after surgery). The groups were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. The unpaired t-test (parametric variables) and the Mann-Whitney test (non-parametric) were used. Results: In total, 39 patients were evaluated. The postoperative follow-up time was 14.5 ± 3.3 months. Time to onset of necrosis was 14.1 ± 3.9 months. Sex, age, and time between trauma and surgery did not influence the risk of necrosis. Type 2, 9, 10, 11, and 12, or fractures with posteromedial head extension less than or equal to 8 mm, or diaphysis deviation greater than 2 mm, as well as grouping did not influence the risk for osteonecrosis. Conclusions: Hertel’s criteria were not able to predict the development of osteonecrosis after osteosynthesis of proximal humerus fractures performed through the anterolateral approach. The total prevalence of osteonecrosis was 17.9%.
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