All types of cytological procedures bear a burden of unequivocal reports and confusion with setting a proper clinical procedure. In 1989, The Bethesda System (TBS) was introduced to resolve many concerns in the matter of unclear classification of changes in cervical cytology. The guidelines of TBS were based on the clinical data provided, the quality of the smear assessment, unification of terminology, and updated knowledge about changes underlying cell abnormalities. It is believed that both TBS and thyroid TBS inspired the members of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytology to design and publish a modern approach to pancreatic lesion description. The presented proposal created a strong foundation for clinical management and revealed a serious risk of underdiagnosis. In light of the short time since the launch of this guide, more time is needed to estimate its impact, especially since only a few clinical centres have implemented it to this day. Streszczenie Wszystkich typów badań cytologicznych dotyczy problem dwuznacznych wyników, które utrudniają wdrożenie właściwych procedur leczniczych. Aby rozwiać wiele wątpliwości wynikających z niejasnej klasyfikacji zmian w cytologii szyjki macicy, w 1989 roku stworzono system określony od miejsca powstania jako "Bethesda system". Jego podstawowe zasady oparto na dostarczonych danych klinicznych, ocenie jakości materiału, ujednoliceniu terminologii, jak również na zaktualizowanej wiedzy o zmianach patologicznych w komórkach. Po zakończonym sukcesem włączeniu go do użytku podobne rozwiązania wdrożono do raportowania biopsji tarczycy. Można podejrzewać, że to zainspirowało członków Papanicolau Society of Cytology do opublikowania systemu klasyfikacji zmian guzowatych trzustki. Z perspektywy czasu można powiedzieć, że system Bethesda oceny zmian w szyjce macicy i w tarczycy został bardzo chętnie zaakceptowany przez patologów i klinicystów, a przedstawione klasyfikacje stworzyły fundament dla ujednoliconego postępowania klinicznego. Wydaje się, że obiektywna ocena wpływu przedstawionych propozycji na proces diagnostyczny wymaga więcej czasu.
Aim of the study: Analysis of the worldwide reports about possibilities and current usage of hypnosis in conventional medicine. Material and methods: A systematic literature search has been conducted on the PubMed database for meta-analyses and clinical trials. A total of 196 full-text articles were screened. The inclusion criteria, such as hypnosis had to be used in medical procedures as the main method of therapy, the study was either a randomized controlled trial (RCT) or clinical trial, there were measures of the effect of hypnosis and the intervention was compared to either other psychological intervention, standard treatment or placebo, were covered by 13 articles. The Google Scholar search engine was used to extract additional materials for explanatory reasons. Results: The use of hypnosis has been found in several fields of medicine, mainly in pediatrics and gastroenterology. It was mostly used to elevate patients' life quality by lowering or eliminating pain, distress, depression, and anxiety. It has been found that hypnosis was used also in more complex procedures such as anesthesia or accelerating wound healing. Conclusions: It is crucial for current medical practice not to underestimate the possibilities of a beneficial outcome for hypnosis use in different medical conditions. Overall strong evidence was provided that hypnosis is not a form of charlatanry, but an evidence-based medical procedure.
Introduction: The prevalence of abdominal aorta aneurysms (AAA) is estimated to be between 1.3-12.5% in men and 5.2% in women, which poses a serious public health issue. Ruptured aorta aneurysm most often causes internal bleeding and ultimately leads to death. The cause of high mortality is the asymptomatic occurrence of AAA. Usually, the first symptom is its rupture The aim of our paper is to provide a relationship between the percentage of the population reporting to the vascular surgeon and the type of residence based on the analysis of data from screening studies carried out in one of the regions of Poland. Material and methods: Patients previously informed about the free diagnostics in the Provincial Hospital in Kielce were examined by qualified physicians with ESAOTE MyLab Seven ultrasound device. Prior to that, patients were asked to fill a questionnaire to acquire data about their risk factors, demography, and medical history. Results: A total of 22 (7.3%) aneurysms were found in a group of 301 patients, of which 20 (6.6%) were found in men and 2 (0.66%) in women. Conclusions: Screening tests are an effective method to significantly improve early detection of AAAs. However, it is necessary to provide easier access to health professionals qualified to perform ultrasound examinations. It is especially important for the population of men with a family history of AAA, because they are at a higher risk of developing this pathology. The incidence rate of AAA observed in our study is consistent with the data published in worldwide literature.
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