Th e current formula of disciplinary responsibility is neither clear nor uniform. Built on thebasis of a number of independent regulations, it is inconsistent with the general pattern of uniformity and universal use. Interesting are situations in which criminal liability and disciplinary liability become interdependent. Th e question then arises as to whether a crime and the possible initiation of criminal proceedings by a member of the student community, imposes an obligation on the authorities of the university to initiate and conduct disciplinary proceedings in parallel.
New types and shades of crime emerging today require that state authorities develop new defence mechanisms. The sophistication and ingenuity of criminals must be countered with an appropriate response of the state responsible for maintaining public order and safety. Therefore, states must build new institutions as effective tools for combating organised crimes. In Poland, the adequacy of the current institutions employed in the fight against organised crime is now being widely discussed. This study sets out to present the institutions of the informant witness, anonymous witness, and extended confiscation as examples of modern approaches for combating organised crime in Poland.
Th e current formula of disciplinary liability is neither clear nor uniform. Built on the basis of a number of independent regulations, it is inconsistent with the general pattern of uniformity and universal use. Interesting are situations in which criminal liability and disciplinary liability become interdependent. Th e question then arises as to whether a crime and possible initiation of criminal proceedings by a member of a student community imposes an obligation on the authorities of the university to initiate and conduct disciplinary proceedings in parallel.
This article concerns the correlation between criminal law and procedure and the technical, technological and civilisation progress in the form of possibility to stand bail in Bitcoin virtual currency (cryptocurrency) in the criminal procedure. The article, firstly, presents introductory remarks to provide information about the analysed subject. Secondly, there is an outline of the essence and mechanism of applying bail in criminal procedure. Thirdly, the process transformation of money as an element of assets is presented. Fourthly, the article presents a categorisation of digital money and an economic qualification of Bitcoin. The above provides a background for argumentation relating to the legal qualification of Bitcoin as money and presentation of the basic threats connected with this cryptocurrency. The article ends with a brief summary containing the authors’ view on the subject of these reflections and a proposal of the desired legal amendments, addressed to the Polish legislator.
The present study presents an analysis of normative patterns of bearing disciplinary responsibility in selected legal professions such as barristers, legal advisers, common court judges, notaries, court executive officers, prosecutors, court curators and court clerks. These are basic legal professions functioning within the system of Polish law. The special aim of the analysis was to present arguments in favour of a possibility to standardize the provisions regulating disciplinary responsibility questions in broadly understood legal professions.
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