The purpose of this paper is to describe the current status of coaching and coach education in Poland. Currently, the dynamics of legal rulers that govern the sport coaching market in Poland are dictated by several broader phenomena, such as the globalisation of sport culture, European integration, decentralisation of power and deregulation of the labour market that has been occurring over recent years. The coaching labour market, which is determined by various needs of institutions and individuals, points to appropriate forms and methods of education for coaches. This new situation allows us to specify coaching roles and respective competences that are adapted to the dynamic needs of the market. It also allows Polish sport associations and “Akademia Trenerska” (“Coaching Academy”) to actively and innovatively stimulate the sport coaching labour market in Poland.
Researchers involved in skiing investigations postulate Telemark skiing as an alternative technique to Alpine skiing, which may be associated with lower injury risk. A free heel of the boot, and a boot that enables flexion of the toe, are characteristic features. The aim of this research was to compare three types of turns on Telemark skis, through a biomechanical description of each skiing technique. Seven professional skiers were investigated. Two cameras and the MyoMotion Research Pro system were utilized. Eighteen wireless IMU sensors were mounted on each skier’s body. For every skier, five runs were recorded for each of the three turning techniques. Velocity of run, range of movement, angular velocity in joints, time sequences, and order of initialization of movement were obtained. A higher velocity of skiing was obtained during the parallel (14.2 m/s) and rotational turns (14.9 m/s), compared to a low–high turn (8.9 m/s). A comparison of knee angles, revealed similar minimum (18 and 16 degrees) and maximum (143 and 147 degrees) values achieved during the parallel and rotational techniques, which differed considerably from the low–high technique (27 and 121 degrees, respectively). There were no significant differences in trunk rotation angles. A detailed analysis of the Telemark skiing technique revealed novel information on how turns are executed by well-trained skiers and the impact of different approaches.
In alpine ski disciplines, it is common for competitors to record incomplete runs. In some instances, up to 40% of competitors have failed to complete a course. Possible reasons include incorrect preparation of skiers (lack of adequate motor preparation) and poor tactical approaches. However, there are also some errors in the setting of gates on a course. The aim of this paper is to determine the objective difficulty coefficient of alpine skiing competition courses, based on course geometry and the kinematic parameters of the run. This research monitored alpine skiers during the FIS World Cup. All four alpine skiing disciplines (i.e., downhill, super giant, giant slalom, and slalom) were considered. The average value of the coefficient of difficulty (W.tr) was the highest for the downhill style runs and amounted to 1.20, the super giant and the giant had comparable values of 1.13–1.14, and for the slalom, the W.tr value was the lowest at 0.97. Based on the determined coefficients of route difficulty, it is possible to derive a quantifiable metric to estimate the degree of risk associated with different sections of a course.
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