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The ongoing changes in manufacturing require that new information models for industrial computer systems be developed and applied. This paper describes a concept for the material model as a ''digital twin'' for producing highly customised, smart electronic devices. The scope of the research is the transformation of the models that are typical for the currently used automation pyramid approach to Reference Architecture Models for Industry 4.0 (RAMI4.0). The ISA95 standard is used as the modelling tool and Open Production Connectivity Unified Architecture (OPC UA) as the communication middleware. The presented use case focuses on a rework operation that is performed during the short series production of highly customised electronic devices that are produced by the Aiut company. The paper focuses on the transformation from the static architecture of Manufacturing Execution Systems to flexible and dynamic information models. INDEX TERMS Common information model (computing), computer integrated manufacturing, flexible manufacturing systems, intelligent manufacturing systems.

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Abstract-The energy consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks, WSN, need to be balanced in order to avoid early depletion of nodes. In this paper we use a common context to analyze a broad range of the energy balancing algorithms suggested in literature. In addition we suggest three new algorithms to complete the range. Altogether, nine different balancing techniques are analyzed. We focuses on networks running the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) routing protocol. Our simple change in RPL's parent selection procedure can give a significant balancing effect without any increase in management cost. However, the best balancing algorithm is when the nodes exchange residual-energy information to ensure forwarding through the highest residual-energy nexthop node. The increased information exchange implies increased management cost due to the amount of information transmitted and added computational load.

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Classical control applications with a centralized logic and distributed input/output system are being replaced by dynamic environments of cooperating components. Thus, the OPC (Object Linking and Embedding for Process Control) UA (Unified Architecture) is becoming more popular, because the OPC Data Access substandard is not well suited for distributed systems. Moreover, in many production systems, redundant data servers are preferred, for financial and legal reasons. Providing performance evaluation gives an estimate of the time required (and data samples lost) to switch to a backup data source for redundant OPC UA architecture, depending on the failure detection method, number of variables and redundancy mode.

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