Abstract. This article presents preliminary test procedures for measuring the light performance of advertising media related to the way that the light beam affects the driver. A basic distribution of advertising in terms of light emission and estimated luminance levels that can cause blinding. Finally, the results of the diminishing of the luminance of the surface; examples of luminous ad types and identifies their impact on visibility in terms of the possibility of blinding that results in the deterioration of road safety (especially at night ).
The night time, based on many world studies, generates an increased risk of serious accidents (with fatalities and serious injuries). This is especially true for accidents with pedestrians. Pedestrian crossings are very sensitive to the influence of the time of day in terms of pedestrian safety, elements of road infrastructure. This is visible on the example of Poland, where numerous accidents at crosswalks are recorded, characterized by high severity at night. Road infra-structure managers take corrective actions to improve this condition. An example of such work is the Road Safety Audit (RSA), initiated in 2016 by the Municipal Roads Management Board in Warsaw. The analyses carried out by the au-thors, among others, in the years 2016 - 2019, included pedestrian crossings without traffic lights located on roads managed by ZDM (Municipal Roads Authority) in twelve districts: Bemowo, Bielany, Mokotów, Ochota, Praga Połud-nie, Praga Północ, Śródmieście, Targówek, Ursynów, Wawer, Włochy, Żoliborz. The assessment was carried out in terms of the correct lighting of these passages, traffic organization, geometry and environmental impact. The main aim of the article is to present a methodology for evaluating the technical condition of road lighting infrastructure on a large scale (e.g. district, city). The article discusses the general and detailed state of pedestrian safety in Poland against the background of research conducted in Warsaw. The procedure of inspection and assessment of the state of lighting of pedestrian crossings is described and selected results are presented. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the results of individual pedestrian crossings, the general condition of the tested crossings was assessed and recommendations were indicated. An attempt was made to assess the influence of pedestrian crossings lighting on the general state of road safety. A critical evaluation of the obtained effects was made. The utilitarian aim of the article is to apply the described methodology in other cities and to use the results of the conducted analyses to plan and implement road investments in the field of modernization of lighting at pedestrian crossings on a large scale.
Abstract.One of the possible preventive measures that could improve safety at crossings is to assess the state of illumination of the lighting installation located in the transition area for pedestrians. The City of Warsaw has undertaken to comprehensively assess the pedestrian crossings to determine the level of road safety and the condition of lighting. The lighting conditions related to pedestrian crossings without traffic lights in three central districts of the city were investigated. The conducted field research and the work of the team of experts lead to the development of tools to assess the level of risk due to the lighting conditions measured at night. The newly developed and used method of assessment and the experience gained should provide a valuable contribution to the development of uniform risk assessment rules for pedestrian crossings in Poland. The authors of this paper have attempted to systematize the description of the method of evaluation of the lighting installed in the area of pedestrian crossings.
The issue concerns the initial stage of work on a method for performing a rapid assessment of the energy efficiency and illuminance of a street lighting installation. The proposed method is based on simultaneous measurement of illuminance from three lux meters placed on the roof of the vehicle. The data are acquired in road traffic, while the vehicle is driving. The proposed solution will allow in the future to quickly and reproducibly obtain data about the lighting parameters of the studied road section. The illumination values are localised using Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Based on the collected measurement data, with the use of terrain maps, geographic information system (GIS) data and installation design documentation, it will be possible to determine in detail the parameters of energy efficiency indicators for a selected section of the street for the entire street according to the EN13201-5 standard. Preliminary tests were conducted on a section of about one kilometer of street illuminated in class C3. Detailed measurements reveal high variation of obtained energy indicators DP and DE for each road section. The reason for this condition is the variation of power, installation geometry and the presence of obstacles to light.
Advertising media installed in the vicinity of the road may pose a potential threat to road safety. The driver's perception of advertising depends on a number of factors, including the time of day, the location and dimensions of the medium, the luminance value, and the way the light is emitted. However, the excessive or incorrect distribution of media luminance in the driver's field of vision, especially at night, may have a significant effect on the disturbance of the visual process. The driver's night vision is generally adapted to low ambient luminance values, illuminated by vehicle and road lighting. Limiting the emission parameters of advertising by means of luminance values is one of the most common legal requirements in many countries, in the context of consent to the location of advertising on roads. For many years now, billboards with unknown emission characteristics and luminance values have been functioning in Poland. Exploitation of advertising media in the vicinity of roads requires the consent of the road manager to install the advertising media, which so far has not required confirmation of the maximum luminance values obtained. This led to the installation of aggressive advertisements on the roads, which disturbed the drivers. In order to determine whether there is a problem of excessive luminance of media in Poland and how high is the percentage of media, pilot studies were carried out on road sections selected by the research team. In the paper have been presented the results of measurements of light parameters (luminance of the carrier, luminance of the background and calculated contrast) and geometric dimensions of the advertising surface, using the original author's procedure for 227 advertisements located in selected locations in Poland. The obtained measurement results showed that the permissible luminance levels were exceeded many times in the group of advertisements using LED sources. The authors have proposed to introduce a unified, operational procedure for measuring the luminance parameters of advertising media. The undertaken research is aimed at developing guidelines for road infrastructure managers concerning the reduction of brightness of advertisements located in the vicinity of roads.
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